Ability tests in recruitment and selection

, 331

Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA)

, 51

Accountability

, 160

Accuracy

, 306

Action Taken Report (ATR)

, 48

Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)

, 71

Agency for Development (AFD)

, 42

Agent-based Computational Economics of the Global Energy System

, 158–159

Alternate Investment Fund (AIF)

, 51

Altitude angle

, 193

Amazon Web Services

, 26

Ambient light sensors

, 237

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

, 71

Analytical analysis

, 193

Anisotropic moles

, 197

ANPR cameras

, 83

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)

, 26, 84

Application Protocol Interfaces (APIs)

, 256

Application security

, 261–262

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

, 64–65, 80, 84, 88, 120–121, 138–139, 172, 177, 247–248

Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)

, 41–42

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

, 41–42

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)

, 45–46

Australian Public Services (APS)

, 340

Authentication factor (AF)

, 253

AutoCoin

, 180

Automatic metre reading (AMR)

, 91

Autonomous vehicles

, 177

Average

, 316

Awareness and sensitivity towards importance of smart cities

, 96

Axis Bank

, 44

Azimuth angle

, 193–195

Bangladesh

good governance in

, 109

governance in

, 104–108

smart economic and smart city

, 109–113

Banking

blockchain and SSI

, 265–268

Fintech and cybersecurity

, 259–263

5G in cybersecurity

, 258–259

identity management

, 263–265

Internet of Things and FIDO

, 270–271

lack of standardisation MFA

, 258

passwordless authentication and related challenges

, 268–269

smart cities

, 250–258

Basic psychological needs (BPN)

, 339

Behavioural profiling tests

, 337–338

advancing public services, capacity building and achieving sustainability goals

, 338

Bernoulli Naive Bayes

, 312

Betterment levy/tax

, 40

Bhopal Smart City Development Corp. Limited (BSCDCL)

, 53

Bicycle-sharing systems

, 83

Big Data

analytics

, 88

smart cities and

, 12

Big data and blockchain (BDA-BLC)

, 177

Bilateral agencies

, 41–42

with specific reference to smart city mission

, 42

Binding

, 254

Blackbody

, 195

Blockchain

, 88, 151–152, 172, 265, 268

enhancing trust, data privacy and integrity with blockchain-based security frameworks

, 176

transformation and influence model

, 181–183

Blockchain Homo Economicus

, 156

Blockchain technology (BT)

, 4, 125, 152, 154, 172

as network and business model for smart cities

, 14–17

BNP Paribas

, 254

Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)

, 43

BOSCH

, 179

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC)

, 47–48

Busan city

, 11

Business data

, 288

Business models

, 6

Cambridge-driving Labelled Video Database (CamVid)

, 233

Cameras

, 84

Canal lining

, 67

Capacity building

, 338

Capital expenditure (Capex)

, 53

Carbon Robotics

, 73

Cassandra

, 120–121

Categorical cross-entropy

, 238–239

Central management systems (CMS)

, 140

Centralised identity

, 263–264

Change management

, 152

Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

, 51

Ciphertext Policy Attribute Based Encryption (CP-ABE)

, 270

Circular economy

, 181

Citizen engagement

, 125–126

Citizen participation

, 126

City dashboards

, 281–282

benchmarks and indicators of

, 286–287

importance of benchmarks and indicators of

, 289–290

parameters

, 281–282

tools and models for

, 290–292

City planner

, 4

City planning

, 20

City revenue indicator

, 287

Civil service exams

challenges for adaptation of psychometric tests

, 335

in developing countries

, 335

Climate-smart agricultural techniques (CSA techniques)

, 62

Closed-circuit video (CCTV)

, 232

Cloud computing

, 4, 24, 26

Cloud Computing Services

, 84

Cloud environment security risk

, 260–261

Cloud services

, 25–26

Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation (CCMC)

, 91

Coimbatore’s SMART water management system

challenges of smart cities

, 94–96

essence of smart cities

, 83–84

India’s smart cities mission

, 86–88

learning from world’s no. 1 smart city

, 92–94

smart cities

, 79, 83, 89, 92

Commerzbank

, 254

Commitment

, 339

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)

, 57–58, 61

Competencies

, 339–340

Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Engineering (CAD/CAE)

, 136

Computer vision

, 231

Confusion matrix

, 306–307

Consent

, 160

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)

, 270

Continuous improvement

, 160

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs)

, 231

challenges

, 240–241

dataset

, 233–235

framework

, 232–238

limitations

, 241–243

results

, 238–240

Cooperation incentives

, 179

CORK 2.0 European Conference on Rural Development

, 61

Corporate foresight

, 158

Corporate stakeholders

, 105

Corruption

, 340

Crop diseases

, 68–70

Cultural change

, 157

Cultural factors

, 335

Customer Expectations Alignment

, 180–181

Cyber risks

, 248

Cyber-attacks

, 23–24

Cyber-crime

, 251

Cybersecurity

5G in

, 258–259

Fintech and

, 259–263

Daily Average Ramp Rate (DARR)

, 222

Dashboards

, 84, 276

impacts of dashboard smart city

, 280–282

Data analytics

, 119, 277

cities parameters in era of four industrial revolutions

, 277–280

data platforms for smart city governance

, 282–290

forecasting unemployment

, 317–322

impacts of dashboard smart city

, 280–282

importance of smart city solution

, 277

machine learning for city dashboard

, 292–312

prediction

, 317

time series dashboard

, 316

tools and models for city dashboards

, 290–292

Data dashboards

, 280

Data evaluation

, 298–302

Data Generation

, 212–217

Data leakage/loss prevention (DLP)

, 260

Data management

, 127–128

Data modelling

, 306

Data platforms for smart city governance

, 282–290

benchmarks and indicators of city dashboard

, 286–287

city dashboard

, 285

city revenue indicator

, 287

critical issues

, 285

employment and business indicator

, 288–289

importance of benchmarks and indicators of city dashboards

, 289–290

politics

, 283–284

reasons

, 285–286

sales tax indicator

, 287–288

Data pre-processing method

, 298–300

Data privacy

, 129

Data safety

, 95–96

Data sets

, 209

Data visualisation and analysis

, 296–298

Decentralised identifiers (DID)

, 265

Decentralised identity

, 264

Decision making

, 277

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

, 71

Decision tree algorithm

, 304–305, 310–311

Decision-makers

, 158

Decision-making

, 151–152, 155–156

cultural change and

, 157

governance and ethics

, 159–161

implications

, 161–164

scenario planning

, 157–159

Declination angle

, 194

Democracy

, 108

Department of Science and Technology–Water Technology Initiative (DST-WTI)

, 91

DevOps

, 260

Digital age

, 83–84

Digital agriculture

, 59, 92

proposed model of smart village

, 64–74

smart village models in recent times

, 59–64

Digital identity risk

, 261–262

Digital infrastructure

, 120–121

Digital payments

, 83

Digital soil mapping

, 71

Digital technologies

, 82–83, 119, 123

Digital tokens

, 180

Digital trust

, 152–153

Digital twin instance (DTI)

, 138

Digital twin prototype (DTP)

, 137

Digital twins (DT)

, 124–125, 135–136

application

, 137

background and literature

, 136–137

challenges for implementing DTs in smart cities

, 142–143

development

, 137–138

enabling technologies

, 138–140

recommendations

, 143–146

for smart cities

, 140–141

Digitalisation

, 60, 291

Diode saturation current

, 201

Distributed denial of service (DDOS)

, 260

Distributed ledger technology (DLT)

, 14

Distributed power

, 154

Domain Name System (DNS)

, 266–267

Education

, 256–257

Education system

, 337

Effectiveness

, 160

Efficiency tools and models for city dashboards

, 292

Efficiency value

, 222–224

Electrical sensors

, 70

Electromagnetic sensors

, 70

Electronic identification and trust services (eIDAS)

, 256

ELIZA chatbot

, 139

Emotional intelligence

, 334

Empiricism

, 160

Employment and business indicator

, 288–289

Energy

, 118–119

generation for smart cities

, 95

Energy Data Management Systems (EDMS)

, 83

Environment and PV model

, 193–199

Envision 2030 project

, 61

Equal variance

, 296–297

Equivalence

, 160

Error matrix (see Confusion matrix)

Ethics

, 159–161

European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD)

, 61

European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF)

, 61

European Banking Authority (EBA)

, 249

European Central Bank (CEB)

, 248

European Investment Bank (EIB)

, 41

European Network for Rural Development (ENRD)

, 59–60

European Union (EU)

, 57–58, 80

Evaluation metrics

, 306

Exploratory analysis

, 296, 298, 314–315

Exploratory data analysis (EDA)

, 296–297

External Development Charges (EDC)

, 40

Extraction and synthesis

, 173

Extraterrestrial solar radiation unit

, 195

Extreme values

, 296–297

F1 score

, 239–240, 308–309

False negatives (FN)

, 309

False positives (FP)

, 309

Fast Identity Online (FIDO)

, 249

Fast R-CNN

, 241

Fault modelling

, 202–205

strategy used to identify faults

, 202–204

Feature selection method and extraction

, 292–294

Fertilisation

, 70–72

Fertility analysis

, 70–72

FIDO

, 270–271

15th Finance Commission (FC-XV)

, 41

corrective measures

, 41

Financial institutions

, 247–248

Financial Technology (Fintech)

, 259–263

Financing of sustainable smart cities

, 36

assistance by multilateral and bilateral agencies to India

, 41–42

betterment levy/tax

, 40

challenge before cities for accessing private financing

, 45–46

challenges faced in financing of smart city mission

, 45

corrective measures

, 41

current status of projects and amount

, 38

delay in transfer of funds from states to ULBs

, 48

depth and breadth of projects under smart city mission

, 52

difference in accounting and reporting practices of ULBs

, 48

FFC and transfer of additional resources

, 40–41

financing means for smart city mission and limitations

, 38–40

funding pattern

, 39

high cost of financing under municipal bonds

, 43–44

impact fees

, 40

implementation delays and resultant escalation of costs

, 47

innovative finance mechanisms

, 42

land monetisation

, 40

leverage borrowings from financial institutions

, 44

limited funds available with majority of urban local bodies

, 46

mechanism

, 38

mismatch between ‘funds’ and ‘functions’ of ULBs

, 46–47

monetisation opportunities

, 53

municipal bonds as source of financing

, 43

NIIF and Smart City Mission

, 51–52

non-release of contribution by state governments

, 45

own revenue by ULBs

, 50–51

political differences

, 47–48

PPP

, 44–45

rapid urbanisation and need for financial autonomy for cities

, 47

reluctance on part urban local bodies and states to reform finances

, 48

smart solutions

, 37

smartness benefit

, 52

sources of finance

, 39

suggestions for making financing means effective and sustainable

, 49

First IR

, 278

Fishcer-Hübner study

, 256

5G

in cybersecurity

, 258–259

net

, 4

FlexBooker

, 152–153

Forecasting unemployment

, 317–322

Four Industrial Revolutions (4IR)

, 277–278, 280

cities parameters in era of

, 277–280

14th Finance Commission (FFC)

, 40–41

and transfer of additional resources

, 40–41

Fuzzy logic

, 71

Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)

, 190

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

, 23–24

Geo-location sensors

, 237

Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

, 42, 71, 85–86

Geological sensors

, 237

GitHub

, 251

Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM)

, 42

Global horizontal irradiance (GHI)

, 219

Global System for Mobile communication (GSM)

, 66

Good governance

, 103–104, 106–108, 110–111, 296

in Bangladesh

, 109

prospects

, 113–114

Goods and Services Tax (GST)

, 46

Governance

, 103–104, 110–111

in Bangladesh

, 104–108

at national level

, 107

prospects

, 113–114

smart city

, 104

Governance

, 159–161

Government of India (GoI)

, 43–44

Governments

, 105

GPS positioning

, 84

Grand Lyon Data Platform

, 283

Green roofs

, 121

Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM)

, 180

Green technologies

, 121

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

, 50–51, 296

Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)

, 45–46, 48

Gross Value Added (GVA)

, 87–88

Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT)

, 52

Hadoop

, 120–121

Heatmap

, 315

Homo Economicus

, 156

Homo Reciprocans

, 156

Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO)

, 44

Identifiers

, 264–265

Identity Access management (IAM)

, 257–258

Identity management

, 263–265

centralised identity

, 263–264

decentralised identity

, 264

identifiers

, 264–265

Identity proofing

, 254

Image segmentation

, 231

Impact fees

, 40

Improved service at collaborating operational nodes

, 179

Inclusion

, 154

India’s smart cities mission

, 86–88

Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)

, 50

Industry 4.0 technologies

, 151–152

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)

, 4–6, 64–65, 80, 104, 118, 141, 193, 280

ICT/IoT elements of smart city design

, 25

Infrared sensor (IR sensor)

, 230–231

Infrastructure

, 128–129

issues

, 95

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

, 26

Innovative finance mechanisms

, 42

Intelligence

, 177

Intelligence quotients (IQ)

, 331

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

, 41

International Development Association (IDA)

, 41

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)

, 42

International Society of Precision Agriculture (ISPA)

, 64

International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

, 85–86

Internet connectivity

, 177

Internet of Things (IoT)

, 3–4, 64, 66, 80, 88, 119, 135–136, 139–140, 172, 176, 230–231, 250–251, 270–271, 280

Internet payment (IP)

, 253

Interpretivism

, 338

Intersection over Union (IoU)

, 238

Ion-selective field effect transistor (ISFET)

, 70

Irrigation

, 65

Isotropic radiation

, 197

Isotropic radiator

, 197

Isotropy

, 197

IT deficiencies

, 248

Jaccard index

, 238

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

, 42

K-means clustering algorithm

, 190–191, 217

Kaggle dataset

, 233–235

Key indicators

, 304–305

Key performance indicators (KPIs)

, 6–8

Land monetisation

, 40

Land Pooling Scheme

, 42

LaserWeeder

, 73

Leadership

, 303

Least-developed countries (LDCs)

, 21

Legislation around smart cities

, 96

Leverage borrowings from financial institutions

, 44

Light dependent resistor (LDR)

, 230–231

Light-generated current

, 201

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA)

, 302

Liu and Jordan model

, 196–197

Logistic regression

, 303–304, 307, 309

Long-short term memory (LSTM)

, 190

Loss function

, 238–239

Low-or Middle-Income Countries (LIMCs)

, 59

Machine learning

, 84, 172

for city dashboard

, 292–312

data visualisation and analysis and exploratory analysis

, 296–298

feature selection method and extraction

, 292–294

information on data set

, 295–296

leveraging

, 177

loading data set

, 294

Machine-to-Machine Communications

, 84

Make in India initiative

, 82

Mandatory Access Control (MAC)

, 267

Masdar City

, 11

Maslow’s content theory

, 333–334

Maximum power point (MPP)

, 203–204

McKinsey Global Institute

, 36

Mean absolute error (MAE)

, 201

Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)

, 201

Mean bias error (MBE)

, 201

Mean-IoU

, 238

Mesh Networks

, 84

Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT)

, 140

Metaphors

, 329

Metrics

, 6–8

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)

, 140

Microgrid TestBed for temporal forecasting patterns

, 189–191

literature review

, 191–224

Microsoft Azure

, 26

Millennium City in Philippines

, 12

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

, 60–61

Millennium Village Project (MVP)

, 60–61

Min-max-optimization problem

, 206–208

Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA)

, 48

Mobile payment (MP)

, 253

Monetisation opportunities

, 53

Monte Carlo Simulation

, 208, 212, 217

Motion sensors

, 68

Motivation

, 339

Multi Factor Authentication (MFA)

, 249, 252

lack of standardisation

, 258

limitation of MFA in banking

, 254–257

usage in banking

, 252–254

Multi-agent system (MAS)

, 233

Multicultural diversity

, 157

Multicultural leadership

, 157

Multilateral agencies

, 41–42

with specific reference to smart city mission

, 42

Multilevel Security (MLS)

, 267

Multinational corporations (MNCs)

, 23

Municipal bonds

average coupon rate and maturity pattern

, 43

high cost of financing under

, 43–44

as source of financing

, 43

Municipal Corporations (MCs)

, 40

Naive Bayes

, 305–306

National Housing Bank (NHB)

, 51

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

, 249, 251–252

National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF)

, 51–52

National Stock Exchange (NSE)

, 43

Neom City of Saudi Arabia

, 11

Nepotism

, 340

Network integrity

, 154

New Development Bank (NDB)

, 41

New Energy Vehicles

, 180–181

New York City (NYC)

, 8–9

NFD

, 4

Nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT)

, 200

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

, 23, 112

Non-profit organizations

, 105

Normality using histogram

, 297–298

Object detection

, 231

One-time passwords (OPT)

, 253

Open Authentication (OATH)

, 249

Open banking

, 247–248

Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)

, 260

Open-circuit fault

, 204

Open-source intelligent (OSINT)

, 263

Operation and maintenance (O&M)

, 49

Operation identifiers (OPID)

, 253

Operational Expenditure (Opex)

, 53

Operations modelling

, 199–202

Optimised Homo Reciprocans

, 156

Organic matter (OM)

, 70

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 50–51

Organisation theory

, 329–330

Organisational culture

, 157

Paradigm

, 329–330

Partial shading fault

, 205

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

, 208

Passive infrared sensors (PIR sensors)

, 68, 230–231

Passwordless authentication

, 249

and related challenges

, 268–269

Payment Card Industry (PCI)

, 249

Payments Services Directive 2 (PSD2)

, 259

Pedestrians

, 235

Perihelion

, 193

Personality

, 331–334

assessments’ reliability, validity and impact on organisations

, 334–335

tests

, 331–334

theories

, 331–334

traits

, 328

Pest detection

, 68–70

Phones

, 4

Photocurrent

, 198

Photovoltaic power (PV power)

, 192, 202

Planck’s law

, 195

Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

, 26

Political stability

, 110–111

Power Finance Corporation

, 44

Precise irrigation

, 65–67

Precision

, 308

agriculture

, 64

Predicted undesirable (PU)

, 137

Prediction

, 217–218, 317

methods

, 190

Principal component analysis (PCA)

, 302

Prisoner’s Dilemma

, 155–156

Privacy

, 95–96, 154, 177

Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET)

, 250

Privacy-preserving identity management

, 257–258

Private sector

, 104–105

Procurement management

, 177

Product recall traceability

, 178

Profile matching

, 71

Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA)

, 263

Psychometric assessments

, 328

background

, 330

significance

, 331

Psychometric tests

, 337–338

advancing public services, capacity building and achieving sustainability goals

, 338

Public Good games

, 155–156

Public resistance

, 95

Public safety

, 119

Public sector

, 104–105

Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs)

, 40

Public services

, 330

Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs)

, 38, 44–45

Punjab National Bank (PNB)

, 44

Quality score (Q _S)

, 218–219, 222

Quantcast

, 120–121

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

, 84, 136, 179

Rainwater harvesting systems

, 121

Ramp rate (RR)

, 219

Recall

, 308

Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)

, 190

Regression techniques

, 190

Remote sensing

, 69

Reporting

, 175

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

, 48

ResNet-34

, 235–238

Resources

, 119

Retractable bollards

, 83

Rights preserved

, 154

Rigid bureaucratic system

, 336–337

Robotics

, 88

Rural economy

, 59

Rural health

, 58–59

Rural Local Bodies (RLBs)

, 41

Safe city models

, 290–291

Sales tax indicator

, 287–288

Sarah Forberger concept

, 105

Saturation current of diode

, 198–199

Scenario planning

, 157–159

Second IR

, 278–279

Security

, 154

importance of

, 175

Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI)

, 265–268

Semantic segmentation

, 231

Semi-Markov models

, 191–192

Series resistance of solar cell

, 199

Shared-based business models (SEBMs)

, 9

Short-circuits fault

, 204–205

Short-term prediction

, 191

Single Shot Detector (SSD)

, 241

Single Sign on Solutions (SSO Solutions)

, 261

Site-Specific Weed Management (SSWM)

, 73–74

Skilled workforce

, 95

Skills

, 339–340

Smart City Mission

, 51–52

depth and breadth of projects under

, 52

Smart city/cities

, 2, 4, 6, 79, 83, 118, 151–152, 276

actions and transformation of smart city dashboard

, 280–281

benefits

, 12–13

and Big Data

, 12

case studies of smart cities in world

, 8–12

challenges for implementing DTs in

, 142–143

and cloud computing

, 24–26

concept and subsystems and domains

, 5

digital infrastructure business models

, 19

digital twins for

, 140–141

essence ofSmart city

, 83–84

governance

, 104

hierarchy of levels/layers of cloud infrastructure

, 27–28

ICT/IoT elements of smart city design

, 25

needs of policies and digital infrastructure for developing

, 17–18

strategic map to migrate smart city into cloud

, 26–30

as sustainable city

, 6–8

Smart devices

, 4

Smart education

, 5

Smart energy

, 5

Smart governance

, 5

Smart grid

, 189–190

Smart grids

, 83

Smart homes

, 5, 192

Smart mobility

, 5

Smart physical infrastructure

, 5

Smart private taxi systems

, 10

Smart safety

, 5

Smart solutions

, 36, 52

Smart strategies

, 151–152

Smart technology

, 124–125

Smart transport

, 5

Smart transportation

, 120

Smart trap

, 68–69

Smart village

, 57–58, 87–88

models in recent times

, 59–64

proposed model of

, 64–74

Smart Water Future India project

, 91

Social economy-based business model

, 18–19

Social inclusivity

, 96

Social theory

, 329

Sociocracy 3.0 (S3)

, 159–160

Sociological paradigms

, 337–338

Softmax

activations

, 238–239

classifier

, 237–238

Software defined networking (SDN)

, 120–121

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

, 26

Soil mapping

, 70–72

Solar panels

, 121

Solar source model

, 195

Solar time

, 194

Solar zenith angle

, 196

Solarwinds attacks

, 248

Special Publication (SP)

, 262

Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)

, 44, 47, 53

State Finance Commissions (SFCs)

, 48

Statistic errors

, 201

Stochastic behaviour

, 190

Strategy deployment

, 152–153

Street lighting system

, 230

Streetlight controlling

, 241

Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT)

, 29, 158

Strong AI

, 139

Supply chain finance

, 175–176

Supply Chain Management (SCM)

, 180

Support Vector Machines (SVM)

, 304, 309

Sustainability

, 125, 320, 322

contribution towards sustainability goals

, 340–341

in smart city’s transport and supply chain networks

, 180

Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs)

, 6

Sustainable buildings

, 121

Sustainable city

, 6–8

benefits

, 12–13

dashboard model

, 291

Sustainable development

, 117

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 60, 85–86

Sustainable related activities

, 2–3

Sustainable smart cities

, 1–2, 117–119

benefits of smart and sustainable cities

, 12–13

blockchain technology as network and business model for smart cities

, 14–17

case studies of smart cities in world

, 8–12

challenges and opportunities

, 127, 130

challenges in developing

, 20–24

citizen engagement

, 125–126

conceptual model

, 124–125

designing

, 24

domains

, 7–8

examples

, 126–127

gaps in literature

, 123–124

key elements

, 119–122

needs of policies and digital infrastructure for developing smart city

, 17–18

planning and development

, 17

review of literature

, 122–123

smart cities and cloud computing

, 24–26

smart city

, 4–6

smart city digital infrastructure business models

, 19

social economy-based business model

, 18–19

strategic map to migrate smart city into cloud

, 26–30

sustainable practices enabled by smart cities

, 13–14

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)

, 45–46

Systematic Literature Review (SLR)

, 173

Tapestry

, 156

Tax Incremental Financing (TIF)

, 44

Third IR

, 279–280

Time of day or night

, 236–237

Time series dashboard

, 316

Total extraterrestrial solar energy

, 196

Traceability

, 178

for second-hand vehicles

, 178

Transfer of development rights (TDRs)

, 42

Transparency

, 106–107, 160

in complex smart city’s transport and supply chain networks

, 178–179

Transportation

, 118–119

True positives (TP)

, 309

Trust

, 152–154

trust-boosting system

, 161

Trust networks

, 172–173

methodology

, 173–175

thematic findings

, 175–183

U-net architecture

, 235–236, 241

Ultra-low emission zones (ULEZ)

, 85

UN High-level Political Forum (HLPF)

, 85–86

UN’s Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

, 62

Union Territories (UTs)

, 36

United for Smart Sustainable Cities (U4SSC)

, 6–8

United Nations (UN)

, 85

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

, 42

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

, 260

Universally Unique Identifiers (UUIDs)

, 266–267

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)

, 73, 88

Unpredicted desirable (UD)

, 137

Unpredicted undesirable (UU)

, 137

Urban density

, 143

Urban development

, 121–122

Urban local bodies (ULBs)

corrective measures

, 41

delay in transfer of funds from states to

, 48

difference in accounting and reporting practices of

, 48

limited funds available with majority of

, 46

mismatch between ‘funds’ and ‘functions’ of

, 46–47

reluctance on part urban local bodies and states to reform finances

, 48

Urban planning and design

, 121–122

Urban Systems models

, 84

Urban township

, 95

US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

, 262

Value as incentive

, 154

Value co-creation phases

, 153–154

Variability Score cdf (VS_cdf)

, 219

Variable rate nutrient application (VRNA)

, 71

Vehicles

, 235

Vendor Risk Management (VRM)

, 263

Verges of detecting faults

, 204–205

Verifiable credential (s) (VC)

, 265

Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy sensors (VIS–NIR spectroscopy sensors)

, 69

Visual analytics dashboards

, 277

Volkswagen

, 179

Waste management

, 118–119

Water

, 118–119

Water Quality Analyzer (WQA)

, 91–92

Water sprinklers

, 67

Wavelet transform and Elman Neural Network (WT-ENN)

, 192

Weak AI

, 139

Weed management

, 72–74

Wi-Fi

, 8–9

World Bank

, 41

World Economic Forum (WEF)

, 268–269

Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI)

, 108

Woven City

, 12

XXQ performance value

, 83–84

XXQ-principle

, 83–84

YOLO

, 241