Novel approach of detecting the black hole attack for vehicular ad-hoc networks based on capability indicators

Abstract

Purpose

In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), the information transmitted is broadcast in a free access environment. Therefore, VANETs are vulnerable against attacks that can directly perturb the performance of the networks and then provoke big fall of capability. Black hole attack is an example such attack, where the attacker node pretends that having the shortest path to the destination node and then drops the packets. This paper aims to present a new method to detect the black hole attack in real-time in a VANET network.

Design/methodology/approach

This method is based on capability indicators that are widely used in industrial production processes. If the different capability indicators are greater than 1.33 and the stability ratio (S_r) is greater than 75%, the network is stable and the vehicles are communicating in an environment without the black hole attack. When the malicious nodes representing the black hole attacks are activated one by one, the fall of capability becomes more visible and the network is unstable, out of control and unmanaged, due to the presence of the attacks. The simulations were conducted using NS-3 for the network simulation and simulation of urban mobility for generating the mobility model.

Findings

The proposed mechanism does not impose significant overheads or extensive modifications in the standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802.11p or in the routing protocols. In addition, it can be implemented at any receiving node which allows identifying malicious nodes in real-time. The simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of proposed scheme to detect the impact of the attack very early, especially with the use of the short-term capability indicators (Cp, Cpk and Cpm) of each performance metrics (throughput and packet loss ratio), which are more efficient at detecting quickly and very early the small deviations over a very short time. This study also calculated another indicator of network stability which is S_r, which allows to make a final decision if the network is under control and that the vehicles are communicating in an environment without the black hole attack.

Originality/value

According to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the method, using capability indicators for detecting the black hole attack in VANETs, has not been presented previously in the literature.

Citation

El Houssaini, S., El Houssaini, M.-A. and El Kafi, J. (2023), "Novel approach of detecting the black hole attack for vehicular ad-hoc networks based on capability indicators", International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications, Vol. 19 No. 5, pp. 734-755. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPCC-02-2022-0062