Academic Entitlement Scale

, 125

Accountability

, 21–22, 29–30

Affect control theory (ACT)

, 82–85

emotions and

, 83–84

and interact

, 84–85

planned simulations

, 85

Affluenza teen

, 121

Alter-casting individuals

, 50

Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk)

, 121–122

Anderson, Cameron

, 2

Anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory

, 64

Assumption

, 52–53

Attributional confidence

, 64

Authority figures

, 117–118

Authority leniency

, 117–118

consequences of increased entitlement

, 126–129

consequences of strictness

, 118–120

entitled person, behavior of

, 126–127

entitlement

, 120–121, 129–133

fairness of authority figure

, 132–133

general entitlement to positive outcomes

, 124–126

group members reaction

, 127–129

limitations

, 133–134

subordinate entitlement to leniency

, 121–124

Autocratic leader

, 68

Average performances

, 22–23

Basic norm of status

, 6

Behavioral complementarity

, 101

Behaviors, self-stigma

, 86–88

Cognitive and behavioral uncertainty

, 64

“Common in-group identity” model

, 31

“Common knowledge”

, 7

Communication

scholars

, 63, 64

and social identity

, 65

Competence

assumed levels of

, 20–21

and attributes

, 21

Competence-standards

setting and scope conditions

, 22–23

status and competence

, 20–21

status and rewards

, 21–22

Complementarity

, 101–103

Complex instruction

, 32

Computer simulations, self-stigmatization

, 91

Confidentiality

, 29–30

Consensual normative standards

, 63

Consensus

, 10–11

Contrast sensitivity task

, 30

Controls and self-stigma

, 89

Cooperation

, 96, 101

Cooperative behavior

, 103–104

Cooperative interdependence

, 6

Cultural beliefs and self-stigmatize

, 80–81

Cultural contexts

, 2

Cultural hegemony

, 2–3

Culturally-based stigma

, 81

Cultural schema approach

, 9–10

Cultural schema of status

, 3–6

broad range of status rankings

, 9–10

governing

, 10–11

and stability

, 11–12

Cultural status beliefs

, 6, 7

Cultural stereotypes

, 82

Cultural stigma

, 90

Deference relations

, 4–5

Democrats

, 68

Demoralization, mental health patients

, 81

Depressed entitlement effect

, 50–51

Difference oriented communication (DOC)

, 70

“Direct” relevance

, 55

Distinctive identities, ingroup

, 69

Distributive-justice

, 21–22

formulations

, 21

principle

, 21

Dominance

, 4

Dominators

, 6

Double-standards for competence

, 23–28

average-level performers

, 27

credibility and dynamism

, 27

equivalent qualifications

, 25

gender as a status factor

, 25

level-of performance differences

, 26–27

man-woman pairs working together

, 25

masculine task

, 25

performance level

, 25

reverse

, 26–27

sex and age

, 25–26

status variable

, 24–25

strategies

accountability

, 29–30

overall similarity across performers

, 30–32

single, assigned status-factor

, 32–33

suitability and choice

, 26–27

task’s sex-linkage

, 25

Drum beat evaluation

, 105

Drumming

, 103, 104–105

Durkheimian solution

, 96–97, 98, 99

Durkheim’s theory

, 101, 110

Dyadic rank response

, 9

Echo chamber

, 72–73

Education and testing, status effect

, 48

Effective communication

, 64

Ego-centered situation

, 9

Emergence of cultural norms

, 5–6

Emotional attachments

, 98–99

Emotions

and ACT

, 83–84

self-stigma

, 88

Entitative groups

, 66

Environmental engineering

, 29

Ethnolinguistic identification and linguistic landscapes

, 71

Evaluation, potency, and activity (EPA)

, 83, 87, 88, 89

Evolved hierarchy

, 4–6

“Expectation effect”

, 54

Expectation states

, 10, 20, 21

vocabulary

, 29

Experimental games

, 103

Experimental social psychologists

, 134

Factorial survey method

, 23

First-order expectations

, 10

Functionality

, 6

Fundamental sentiment

, 82–83

Gender labeling of jobs

, 50

Gender, status effect

, 49–51

Goal-oriented human groups

, 5

Goal-related ability

, 11

Goal-related competence

, 6

Group

effervescence

, 96–97

identity

, 12–13

memberships

, 71

members’ performances

, 20–21

norms

, 67

prototype, uncertainty reduction

, 66

Hierarchy formation

contingency

, 5

interdependent interests of group members

, 5

Honor and threats to honor

, 2

Human cultural invention

, 3

Human motivations

, 2

Identity-defining role communication

, 64

Identity-related guidance and direction to members

, 68

Immigrants

, 72

Incompatible complexity of task

, 49

Increased entitlement

, 126–129

Independent capacity

, 2–3

Independent variables

, 56

Inequality

, 2, 12–14

interactional reproduction

, 13–14

organizational reproduction

, 14

in organizations

, 48

in society

, 2

Influence over-group decisions

, 47

Informational justice principle

, 21–22

Information goods

, 4–5

Ingroup leaders

, 69

Ingroup/outgroup distinctions

, 29

Ingroup sources

, 62

Initiative-taking in organizing procedures

, 32

Institutionalized female leader

, 31–32

Intellectual abilities

, 49

Interact and affect control theory (ACT)

, 84–85

Interactional reproduction

, 13–14

Interact simulations

ACT

, 86

self-stigma

, 86

Interdependence

, 3, 5, 6, 11–12, 15, 97

exchange interests

, 5

interests

, 5

Intergroup

attitudes

, 2–3

dynamics

, 2

leadership

, 68

Internalization of stigma

, 90

Internally-attributed leniency

, 131

Interpersonal influence

, 47

Interpersonal mechanism

, 20

Interpersonal status hierarchies

, 6, 12

In-the-moment policy violation

, 124

Intra- and intergroup communication

, 62, 63, 67

Leaderless groups

, 49–50

Leadership, competence and suitability

, 13

Leaders role, communication and uncertainty reduction

, 67–69

Leniency

disadvantages

, 120

subordinate entitlement to

, 121–124

See also authority leniency

Lenient authority figures

, 120

Life course identities

, 81

Linear mixed model

, 109

predicting contribution

, 108

Low status member, views of

, 9

Marginal members and ingroup deviants

, 70–71

Mechanical solidarity

, 96–97

Mediated linear mixed model

, 109

Mediation analyses

, 110, 111

Mental ability test scores

, 48

“Meritocratic” organizations

, 13–14

Misattribution of results

, 50

Mis-attribution theory

, 98

Mixed-sex groups men

, 49–50

Motivational approaches

, 96

Motivational power

, 98

National Institute of Mental Health

, 80

Negative emotional reactions

, 102

Negotiation

, 124

Non-autocratic leader

, 68

Non-egoistic motivation

, 96

Nonverbal power cues

, 49–50

Norm for status

, 8

Norm talk

, 67

Object-recipient, interact simulations

, 86

Optimal distinctiveness

, 102

Order of performance expectations

, 10

Organic solidarity

, 101

Organizational commitment to diversity

, 30

Organizational reproduction

, 14

Ostracism

, 70–71

People of color or women

, 12–13

People’s desire

, 2

Performance expectations

, 10

Performers’ status

, 24

Planned simulations, ACT

, 85

Policies

, 118–119

Policy violation, subordinate

, 118–119

Prestige

, 4–5

Problem-solving attempts

, 47

Problem-solving task

, 32

Procedural justice

, 21–22

Psychiatric hospitalization

, 82

Psychological entitlement

, 118, 120

Public goods games

, 105–106, 107

over time

, 107

Punishments

, 119

Race and ethnicity, status effect

, 49

Race-based inequality

, 49

Race/ethnicity

, 32

Racial and gender dynamics

, 2–3

Referent informational influence theory

, 67

Relational cohesion theory

, 98–99

Republicans

, 68

“Reverse” relevance

, 55

Ritual performances

, 101

Rituals and social solidarity

, 96–98

complementarity, effect of

, 101–103

design

, 103–104

drumming

, 104–105

Durkheim’s theory

, 101

generation

, 98–99

measures

, 105

participants

, 104

procedure

, 104–106

public goods game

, 105–106

results

, 106–110

synchrony, effect of

, 99–101

Ritual-solidarity-cooperation theory

, 97

Ritual-solidarity theory

, 98–99

Rule breaking

, 134–135

Sameness

, 97

Second-order expectations

, 10

Second-order performance expectations

, 9–11

Selective incentives

, 96

Self-activity

, 82

Self-categorization theory

, 64

Self-conception

, 62–63, 65

Self-efficacy

, 81, 82

Self-esteem

, 82

Self-evaluation

, 82

Self-interest-maximizing strategy

, 103

Self-potency

, 82

Self-related uncertainty

, 62–63

Self-sentiment

, 82

Self-stigma

, 81–82, 85

behaviors

, 86–88

and controls

, 89

emotions

, 88

interact simulations

, 86

self-stigmatized self-identities

, 85–86

Self-Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (SSMIS)

, 91

Self-uncertainty

, 65–66, 68

Sense of entitlement

, 117–118, 120–121, 124–125, 128, 132, 134

“Sense of group position”

, 2–3

Sewell, William

, 3–4

Social category

, 29

Social cooperation

, 96, 97

Social difference

, 12–13

Social dilemmas

, 96, 103

Social exchanges

, 99

Social groups

, 65

discrimination

, 22

Social identity

framing theory

, 69

gratifications approach

, 72

theory

, 2, 64, 67

unfreezing

, 69

Social identity-defining attributes

, 67

Social integration

, 112

Social interactions, ACT

, 83

Social justice and categorization

, 21

Social learning

, 5–6

Social order

, 98

Social psychological research

, 2–3

Social solidarity, rituals and

, 96–98

complementarity, effect of

, 101–103

design

, 103–104

drumming

, 104–105

Durkheim’s theory

, 101

generation

, 98–99

measures

, 105

participants

, 104

procedure

, 104–106

public goods game

, 105–106

results

, 106–110

synchrony, effect of

, 99–101

Social status

, 2

Social system

, 21

Sociology

, 98

Solidarity

, 98, 101

Solidary bonds

, 96–97

Standardized expectation-states design

, 24

Status-advantaged groups

, 12–13

Status allocation, normative schema for

, 6–7

Status-and-double-standards branch

, 21

Status-based different standards

, 20

Status beliefs

, 3, 13

Status characteristic

, 10, 20–21

Status-disadvantaged groups

, 12–13

Status effect

, 48

education and testing

, 48

gender

, 49–51

method

, 55–57

race and ethnicity

, 49

results

, 57

theoretical background

, 51–55

behavioral model

, 54–55

graph model of the theory

, 53–54

Status equality

, 49

Status generalization

, 9, 49, 51

characteristics and expectation states

, 52

Status hierarchies

, 3, 7, 10, 11

cultural schema

, 7

functional stability

, 9–10

interpersonal

, 6

Status situation

, 54

Stigma processes

, 80

See also self-stigma

Stratification in classrooms

, 49

Strictness

, 20, 118–120

Subjective vitality

, 71

media

, 72

Subordinates

, 117–118

entitlement to leniency

, 121–124

Symbolic status threats

, 2–3

Synchronous ritual performance

, 100

Synchronous singing

, 100

Synchronous singing-and-moving

, 100

Synchrony

, 101

effect of

, 99–101

Taken-for-granted cultural knowledge

, 6

Task settings, status-and-double-standards research

, 28

Uncertainty and communication

ethnolinguistic identification and linguistic landscapes

, 71

future implications

, 73–74

group norms

, 67

leaders role

, 67–69

marginal members and ingroup deviants

, 70–71

media role

, 72–73

normative information, norm talk and

, 67

reduction theories in communication

, 63–64

social categorization and identity processes

, 65

uncertainty-identity theory

, 65–66

Uncertainty-identity theory

, 62–63, 64, 65–66

Uncertainty reduction theory (URT)

, 63, 64

in communication

, 63–64

Urban elites

, 2–3

Verbal and nonverbal communication

, 62

Verbal interaction

, 32

Videotapes

, 56

Visual perception task

, 28–29

Weber, Max

, 2

Worthiness and competence

, 7

Z-Tree software

, 105–106