Which sway? Athlete activism, teammate allyship and fan patriotism
International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship
ISSN: 1464-6668
Article publication date: 14 March 2023
Issue publication date: 31 July 2023
Abstract
Purpose
To measure the relationships between varieties of patriotism and fan reactions to anthem-linked athlete activism and to test the effects of teammate allyship.
Design/methodology/approach
In this study of US sport fans (n = 519), the authors examine whether two varieties of patriotism—the affective “symbolic patriotism” and the cognitive “uncritical patriotism”—might explain fans' reactions (support v. opposition) to anthem-linked athlete activism. The authors also consider whether fans' acceptance of nonactivist teammate allyship moderates patriotism influences on those reactions.
Findings
Using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), the authors posit and show that fans' reactions to athlete activism are driven more strongly by uncritical patriotism than by symbolic patriotism. The authors also show that fans' acceptance of nonactivist teammate allyship significantly moderate the strength and direction of fans' reactions to athlete activism.
Research limitations/implications
The authors contribute substantive, new knowledge into the sways of athlete activism, teammate allyship and fan patriotism within the sport world. By way of novel heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations, the authors show evidence of discriminant validities of symbolic patriotism and uncritical patriotism. Using PLS-SEM moderation tests, the authors also show that fans' acceptance of teammate allyship moderates the influences of these patriotism types differently.
Originality/value
Few empirical studies to date have investigated sport fans' reactions to athletes' displays of social activism (e.g. taking a knee to protest racism).
Keywords
Citation
Smith, B., Tryce, S.A. and Ferrara, C. (2023), "Which sway? Athlete activism, teammate allyship and fan patriotism", International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 519-537. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-02-2022-0049
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
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