Capital
flows
, 41, 42, 45, 47, 48, 160, 161
investment
, 35, 36, 37, 45, 46, 48, 100, 103, 107, 116, 117, 123, 140, 163, 192
venture
, 49, 92, 95, 97–99, 101, 104, 159
Capitalism
, 54, 100–101, 110, 160, 164
definition of
, 100–101
Century
Fifth
, 54, 55–58
Fourth
, 52–55, 157
Nineteenth
, 77, 78, 101, 126
Seventeenth
, 164
Sixteenth
, 7, 12, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66–67, 68, 69–70, 71, 76, 77, 78, 79, 97, 109, 152, 156, 164
Third
, 51–55, 157
Twentieth
, 98
Chancellor, R.
, 79, 80, 82
Chartered corporations
, 86
Cobden Chevalier Treaty (1860)
, 78
Coin/coinage, Roman
, 3, 4, 51–60, 68, 72, 73
Complexity
, 30, 32, 40, 59, 104
Complex supply chains
, 3, 6, 53, 87, 154, 162
Confidence
, 41, 42, 43, 85, 89, 128, 129, 133, 160, 161, 163, 181
Conservative
, 13, 64, 154
Consumption
, 19, 48, 136, 181
Cromwell, T.
, 3, 4, 30–32, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 85, 109, 154, 156
Crowding out
, 46, 47, 181
Culture, entrepreneurial
, 95
Customs arrangements
, 154
Customs Union
, 25, 29, 137, 162
Ecclesiastical Appeals Act (1532)
, 65–66
Economic
activity
, 42, 57, 142
autarky
, 76
benefits
, 95
challenges
, 55
dependencies
, 54
difficulties
, 115
event
, 58
gravity
, 48, 56, 57, 59
growth
, 47, 122
model
, 54, 187
shock
, 32, 42, 47, 56, 58, 59, 72, 102, 138
success
, 6, 8, 36, 85, 89, 122, 158–160
Economic shock therapy
, 47
Economists for Free Trade
, 77
Elizabethan (age)
, 2, 72, 74, 76–79, 81–82, 84, 86
trade negotiations
, 81
Elizabeth I
, 5, 70, 73–89, 94, 109, 154, 157, 160, 164
Empire
British
, 22, 109
Roman
, 2
England First (policy)
, 76–81
English
Englishman’s castle
, 18–19
exceptionalism
, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 69, 84, 164
heroic
, 12
Industrial Revolution
, 98
national identity
, 11
Entitlement culture
, 118–122
Entrepreneurial
exceptionalism
, 5–7, 164
state
, 53, 104, 157
Entrepreneurs
, 7, 35, 38, 88, 91, 92, 97, 97–98, 99, 100, 109, 131, 140, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 192
Entrepreneurship
, 101, 158
European Aviation Safety Agency
, 27
European Communities Act 1972
, 67
European Council
, 26, 165, 166, 168
European Court of Auditors
, 13
European Court of Justice (ECJ)
, 25, 63, 67, 136, 167, 168
European Parliament
, 165, 167
European Union
, 2, 11, 25, 28, 30, 62, 123, 135, 165–166, 169
Directives
, 22
negotiations
, 26, 29, 44
EU/UK Brexit negotiations
, 27, 44
EU/USA 2011 Air Safety Treaty
, 27
Lisbon Treaty
, 6, 25, 26, 63, 165, 167
Subsidiarity
, 67, 159, 167–168
Exceptionalism
British
, 9
English
, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 69, 84, 164
entrepreneurial
, 5–7
German
, 15
national
, 15
Exchange Traded Funds
, 100
Execution Streams
legislative programme
, 29–32
negotiation
, 28–29
Export
growth
, 76
productivity
, 45
sectors
, 45
Facebook
, 6, 91, 93, 150, 151, 190
Fairchild Instruments
, 96
Fake news
, 69, 150–151, 164
Fifth Century
hard Brexit
, 55–58
monetary and spatial shock
, 58
Financial
bubbles
, 101, 119
crisis
, 1, 6, 35
hubs
, 42, 43, 99
institutions
, 99, 100
markets
, 49, 99, 100, 101, 115, 117, 118, 119, 140, 192–193
products
, 100
services
, 34, 42–43, 44, 77, 84, 87, 139
Financial liberalisation of mortgage market
, 19
Financial services
, 44–45
Foreign Direct Investment
, 45, 107
Fraunhofer Institute(s)
, 182
Free health care
, 10, 115
Free Trade Agreements
, 134, 136, 137, 140, 160
Gallic Chronicle (AD 452)
, 51, 55
Generational divide
, 123–124
changing population
, 111–112
entitlement culture
, 118–122
funding retired people
, 115–118
Genetic make up
, 15, 16, 152
German
, 15, 23, 63, 117, 136
exceptionalism
, 15
stock market
, 117
Germany
, 6, 32, 38, 39, 49, 51, 52, 63, 64, 82, 113, 145, 146, 149, 152, 164, 166
Global Britain
, 81, 94, 148
Global Innovation Economy
, 48
entrepreneurial capital
, 95–99
human capital, importance of
, 108
innovating new markets in face of uncertainty
, 103–108
long-term financial returns need constant innovation
, 99–102
Platform Firms and Big Bang Disruption
, 93–95
rapidly changing world
, 93
technology clusters
, 95
Google
, 49, 91, 92, 93, 98, 100, 158, 161, 178–179, 190
Henry VIII
, 3, 4, 5, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 79, 85, 155, 183
Home ownership
, 9, 19, 120, 121, 122
House prices
, 18, 19, 42, 49, 86–87, 115, 120–121, 133
Housing
market
, 23, 42, 115, 118, 119, 121, 122, 163
social
, 9, 133
Housing affordability
, 120
Labour
flexibility
, 140
foreign
, 83
intensive
, 33
market
, 10, 178
productivity
, 113
share (and share in GDP)
, 33
skills
, 37
Labour force participation
, 32, 33, 113, 114
Labour hour, value added
, 132
Labour Party
Remain voter
, 16–17
voters
, 122
Laffer, A.
, 47
Laffer Curve
, 47–48, 109, 139
Leave campaign
, 123, 146, 151
Leaver
, 1, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 22, 84, 146, 147, 149, 156, 164
Leave voter
, 6, 9, 10, 14, 16, 17, 22, 23
Left Behind
, 10, 23, 33
ambition
, 127–128
defined
, 125–127
earnings
, 129–130
economic success
, 158–160
job subsidies
, 130–132
stability
, 128–129
votes/voters
, 10, 23, 125–134
Legislation
, 4, 30, 70, 135, 165
Legislative programme
, 29–32
Liberal Democratic Party
, 122
Lisbon Treaty
, 6, 25, 26, 63, 165, 167
Living standards
, 18, 20, 35, 47, 88, 113, 132, 164
London
City of
, 99, 163
customs farm
, 82
role as a hub for finance
, 18, 42, 43, 99
London Company of the Merchant Adventurers
, 76, 97, 157, 187
Long-term financial returns
, 99–102
Low productivity
, 34, 35, 122, 127
Market
adjustment
, 42, 49, 135, 163
allocation role
, 157
asset trading
, 118
digital
, 94, 95
economy
, 52, 53, 54, 59
EU
, 44, 140, 169
financial
, 49, 99, 100, 115, 117, 118, 119, 140, 192
housing
, 23, 42, 115, 118, 121
prices
, 37, 119
rationality
, 119
single
, 2, 7, 162, 170
stock
, 117, 135
stress
, 51
valuation
, 119
values
, 119
Marshall/Lerner Condition
, 179
Mary, I.
, 4, 68, 71, 73, 74
Merchant Adventurers (London Company of)
, 76, 77, 79, 82, 86, 97, 157
Micro, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (MSMEs)
, 39, 92
disrupting businesses
, 161
Minford, P.
, 48, 142, 187
Monetary
economy
, 3, 53, 55, 57, 85, 157
policy
, 19, 179, 192
union
, 166
Most Favoured Nation status (MFN)
, 78
Mutual Recognition
, 27, 28, 44, 162, 170, 171
Papacy
, 61, 62, 185
Papal policy
, 63
Parliament(ary)
, 4, 30, 67, 68, 165, 167, 168, 184
Pension
, 10, 20, 33, 115, 115–118, 123
assets
, 118
benefits
, 36
Defined Benefit
, 33, 118
Occupational
, 10, 115
old age
, 115
Pensioners
, 10, 33, 115–116, 122
housing
, 115
incomes in 2017
, 115
National Health Service
, 84, 123
pensions
, 115
wealth
, 87
Pension Funds
assets
, 117
contributions
, 117
deficit(s)
, 116, 123
fund saving flows
, 117
solvency
, 117
Pension scheme funding risks
, 117–118
Philip II (of Spain)
, 4, 74
Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)
, 4, 31, 68, 72, 109, 155
Platform Company(ies)
, 93–94, 95, 179
Pope(s)
, 5, 63–64, 75, 183
Clement VII
, 184
Julius II
, 62
Popularism
new fault lines
, 146–147
nihilism as mainstream policy
, 147–149
post-modern truth
, 152
Post 2008 crash
, 32–33, 115
Post-Brexit
customs arrangements
, 85, 154
data exchange
, 94
jurisdiction
, 30
supply chains
, 162
Praed Bank
, 97, 98, 100, 101, 160
Praemunire (statute of)
, 3, 66–67, 186
Productivity
, 32–34, 37, 45, 122, 131, 132, 136, 162, 178
capital
, 37
capital allocation
, 101
growth
, 46
improvement(s)
, 112, 122
labour
, 113
leaders
, 45
sectors
, 36, 113
total factor
, 32, 37
Public Firms/Companies
, 45, 49
Public sector
, 43, 45–46, 47, 181
Real
economy
, 42, 59
estate
, 34, 41
income
, 35, 36, 71, 129, 142
prices
, 43
wages
, 4, 5, 19–20, 21, 33, 34, 35, 46, 65, 72, 73
world
, 43, 139, 153
Rebellion(s)/revolts
Kett’s Rebellion (1549)
, 4, 74
Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)
, 4, 31, 68, 72, 109, 155
Western Rebellion (1549)
, 202
Wyatt’s Rebellion (1554)
, 4, 74
Redistribution, income
, 47
Referendum (Brexit)
, 11, 14, 15, 22, 25, 84, 125, 147, 151, 153
Reformation (English)
, 67, 185
Region/regional
, 17, 23, 33, 95, 140
Regulation
, 18, 30, 44, 76, 94, 136, 137, 160, 168, 171, 193, 197
uncertainty
, 44
Regulator(s)
, 27, 30, 41, 117, 170, 190
Regulatory
, 30, 40, 44, 77, 136, 137, 171
Remainer
, 22, 147, 154, 156, 164
Research and Development/R&D
, 107, 171
Restructuring
, 18, 20, 44, 45, 140
Retirement funding
, 115–118
Roman
Army
, 52, 55, 58
Britain
, 2, 12, 51, 58, 85, 109
Britons
, 15
Catholicism
, 4
Civilisation
, 12
coin
, 3, 53, 54
Emperor
, 3, 61
Empire
, 2, 15, 51, 56, 59, 160, 180
Holy Roman Emperor
, 3, 61
identity
, 17
State
, 52, 53, 57
Royal
Court
, 31, 69, 85
gifts
, 80
Licences
, 81
Succession
, 4, 31, 67–68
visits
, 68
Schumpeter, J. A.
, 36, 100
Scotland
, 11, 16, 74, 75, 84
Secondary Legislation
, 30
Sector-based analysis
, 37
employment growth
, 33
Semi-conductor industry
, 96
Semi-skilled (employment)
, 136
Services
, 36, 37, 44, 105, 131, 140, 159, 161, 170, 178
Shock therapy (economic)
, 47
Silicon Valley
, 96–97, 101, 103–104, 106, 107, 108, 159
Single Market (European)
, 2, 7, 25, 41, 137, 162, 170
Sixteenth Century legal background
, 66–67
Skill(s)
, 33, 36, 48, 75, 89, 133, 159, 161
enhancement
, 37, 48
entrepreneurial
, 161
levels
, 159
reskilling
, 162
support
, 161
Social Media
, 6, 21, 149, 150, 151, 154, 164
Subsidiarity
, 67, 165, 167, 168
Subsidy(ies)
job
, 130–132
wage
, 132
Supply Chain(s)
, 3, 5, 31, 38–41, 45, 52, 54, 57, 58, 59, 79, 85, 87, 154, 157, 162
complex
, 3, 6, 53, 87, 154, 162
Tax
cuts
, 47–48
dissatisfaction (with)
, 4, 69
Farms
, 82
payments
, 2, 55, 58, 115
Technology
companies
, 178
manufacturing
, 178
platform
, 95
Third Century Brexit
, 51–55
Third country (non EU)
, 28, 29
Tier 1 OEM manufacture
, 39
Total Factor Productivity
, 32, 37
Trade
Agreement
, 77, 134, 136, 137, 140, 160
borderless
, 2, 160
Cloth
, 77, 156
Deficit
, 5, 28, 41, 42, 43, 141, 179
export
, 77, 157
Free
, 39, 47, 77, 78, 109, 136–137, 140
International
, 81, 142–143
Transition (Agreement)
, 28, 29, 30, 86–88, 139
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
, 145
Tribe
, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 57, 72, 150
Triple Helix Innovation Model
, 104
Triple locked state pension
, 10, 115
Watt–Boulton Steam Engine
, 98
Welfare
, 4, 13, 14, 20, 69, 71, 115, 116, 129, 131, 133, 136, 155, 163
corporate
, 131
White working class
, 10, 23, 84, 125, 127, 128, 133, 148