Adaptation-led-mitigation
, 200
Aggregative methodology
, 233
Agri-hydroscape, changes in
, 203–205
Agricultural practices
, 196
Agricultural production, climate change on
, 196
Agricultural systems, changing climate and
, 199–200
Agriculture
, 197
input management
, 200–208
sector
, 199
sustainability in fertiliser consumption in
, 205–208
Agronomic soil conservation strategies
, 201
Air emissions, nature and seasonal trend of
, 337–339
Air pollution
, 184, 216, 332
control
, 277
data source
, 185–188
description of study area
, 335–336
higher levels of
, 185
of Kolkata
, 334–335
major causes of seasonal fluctuation
, 340
methodology
, 185–187, 336–340
relevancy in national and international platform
, 333–334
result of analysis
, 188–192
survey of literature
, 184–185
Air Quality Index (AQI)
, 46, 141, 278
growth rate of
, 285
of Mumbai, India, statistics of
, 282
Akaike information criterion (AIC)
, 133, 176
Annual Survey of Industries
, 344
Artificial intelligence (AI)
, 69
Augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF test)
, 158, 279, 318–319
Capacity utilisation (CU)
, 314
method for measuring
, 317–318
Capital intensity (CAPIN)
, 347, 352
Capital–labour ratio (K/L)
, 186–187
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
, 12
Carbon Capture/Utilization and Storage (CCS/CCUS)
, 12
Carbon capturing smart cities
, 20
Carbon capturing smart construction industry model
, 15
construction phase and carbon capturing smart supply chain
, 18–19
and construction project management
, 13–16
design phase
, 16–18
recommendations
, 19–20
Carbon capturing smart supply chain, construction phase and
, 18–19
Carbon capturing smart technologies
, 19
Carbon capturing technologies
, 13, 15–16
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
, 1, 94, 166, 170
analysis of results
, 100–108
Breusch–Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test
, 105
definition of variables and model
, 98–100
first generation panel unit-root tests
, 102
individual cross-section cointegration results
, 104
Johansen Fisher Panel Cointegration Test
, 103
methodology
, 95–98
Pairwise Granger Causality Tests
, 106–107
panel cross-section heteroscadasticity LR Test
, 104
Panel EGLS
, 105
Pedroni residual cointegration test and Kao residual cointegration test
, 102
review of existing literature
, 95
summary of literature review
, 96–97
Carbon dioxide emission to per unit of energy used (CEU)
, 127
Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2E) (see also Environmental emission)
, 2, 4, 12, 14, 108, 129, 175, 344–345
Carbon dioxide removal technologies (CDR technologies)
, 12
Carbon efficiency of energy use (CEU)
, 4
Carbon emission (CE)
, 3, 69, 72, 130, 170
role of nuclear energy to reduce carbon emission problem
, 72
Carbon monoxide (CO)
, 334
Central Statistical Organization
, 159
Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy Pvt. Ltd. (CMIE)
, 344
Chemical and chemical products
, 262–263, 267–269
Classical theory model
, 251
Clean energy
, 112, 115
per capita
, 117
impact of technological advancement in production of
, 119
Climate change
, 80, 82, 197, 199, 292–293
on agricultural production
, 196
impacts of climate change on Jordan
, 81–82
Climate-smart agriculture in India
basics of
, 197–198
changing climate and agricultural systems
, 199–200
input management in agriculture
, 200
institutions for
, 208–209
sustainability in fertiliser consumption in agriculture
, 205–208
sustainable water management for
, 200–205
Clinker production process
, 18
CO2 EI
, 345
determinants
, 346–347, 351–352
estimation
, 346
at industry level
, 350–351
Coefficient of variation (CVt)
, 220
Computable General Equilibrium (CGE)
, 27
Constant returns to scale (CRS)
, 57, 264
Construction industry
, 13, 18
policies
, 19
Construction phase and carbon capturing smart supply chain
, 18–19
Construction project management, carbon capturing smart construction industry and
, 13–16
Consumer Price Index
, 188
Consumption–emission dynamics
, 31
Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)
, 4, 142
data base and survey design
, 144
econometric specification and results
, 144–151
methodology
, 145–148
objectives and hypothesis of study
, 143–144
results
, 148–151
Cost function approach
brief review of literature
, 314–315
data sources and methodology
, 316–320
objectives
, 315
COVID-19
data
, 278–279
growth rate of AQI
, 285
implication
, 285–287
lockdown
, 278
methodology
, 279–281
methods
, 278
policy implications
, 287–288
results
, 281–282
stationarity checking
, 279–280
statistics of AQI of Mumbai, India
, 282
structural break and growth rate
, 280–281
structural break or switching points
, 283–284
unit root test
, 282–283
vaccines
, 156
Cultural globalisation (CULG)
, 174
CUSUM Of Squares Test
, 283
Eco-friendly development
, 250
Economic development
, 40, 141
Economic globalisation
, 171, 174
Economic growth
, 1, 17, 26, 108, 113, 126, 170, 173, 216, 252
and development
, 112
experience of Bangladesh
, 252–255
experience of Maldives
, 255–257
preventing environmental degradation and solving water scarcity problem of Jordan to sustain
, 84–85
theoretical outline of
, 251
Economic scale change (SC)
, 6, 261
Emissions
, 113–114
intensity
, 196
level
, 144
reduction
, 20
relationship between per capita output growth rate, dynamics and emission
, 33
Empirical calibration model
, 119–120
Endogenized green capital
, 3
Endogenous growth theories
, 251
Energy (see also Nuclear energy)
, 72, 115, 126, 345
energy-efficient technologies
, 172
investments
, 72
systems
, 83
Energy consumption (ECON)
, 99, 108, 113
and pollution
, 166–167
Energy intensity (EI)
, 344
and CO2 EI at industry level
, 350–351
database and methodology
, 345–347
method for measuring
, 318
results
, 347–352
Energy resources
, 67–68
in Jordan
, 85
Energy use (ENGU)
, 130, 175
fossil fuels as source of energy and impact on environment
, 126–127
indicator
, 129
lag selection criteria test
, 132–133
literature review
, 127–129
motivation of study
, 129
panel cointegration test
, 134
panel unit root test
, 131–132
source of data
, 129–130
South Asian nations and
, 127
theoretical concept
, 130–131
VECM estimation and Wald test 134–135
Environment
, 40
fossil fuels as source of energy and impact on
, 126–127
politics of development and
, 43–45
Environment regulations
, 218
Environmental air pollution
, 332
Environmental degradation of Jordan to sustain industrial and economic growth, preventing
, 84–85
Environmental emission
, 112, 157
baseline model
, 114–120
basic model
, 56–58
literature review
, 112–114
variant of basic model
, 58–61
variant of first variant
, 61–65
Environmental governance
, 251–252
in Bangladesh
, 254
experience of Bangladesh
, 252–255
experience of Maldives
, 255–257
in Maldives
, 256
theoretical outline of
, 251
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
, 40
Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)
, 127–128, 141, 172, 250
hypothesis for ASEAN countries
, 95
Environmental norms, impact of increase in stringency of
, 118–119
Environmental pollution
, 82, 254
Environmental problems
, 70
Environmental Protection and Preservation Act
, 256
Environmental regulations
, 216–217, 223
Environmental stresses
, 230
Environmental sustainability
, 306
Environmental systems
, 43, 230
Environmentally sound technology (EST)
, 54, 347
Estimated Generalised Least Square (EGLS)
, 4
Expanding growth status (EXPG)
, 347
Im, Pesaran, and Shin test (IPS test)
, 98, 131
Independent variables
, 99
India
, 344
basics of
, 197–198
changing climate and agricultural systems
, 199–200
city development plans in
, 294–297
input management in agriculture
, 200
institutions for
, 208–209
sustainability in fertiliser consumption in agriculture
, 205–208
sustainable water management for
, 200–205
Indian agriculture sector
, 196
Indian Boilers Act, The
, 1923, 280
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
, 208
Indian Explosive Act, The
, 1884, 280
Indian manufacturing
industry
, 185–186
sector
, 167, 187
Indian Petroleum Act, The
, 1934, 280
Indian Pharmaceutical Industry
, 156
database
, 159
energy consumption and pollution
, 166–167
literature review
, 157–159
measurement of output and inputs
, 160–161
measurement of TFPG from trans-log production function
, 161–162
methodology
, 159–160
research gap and motivation of study
, 159–161
results
, 162–166
Industrial growth, preventing environmental degradation and solving water scarcity problem of Jordan to sustain
, 84–85
Industrial Revolution (IR)
, 67
Industrialisation (INDS)
, 100, 105, 108, 254
in South Asian
, 129
Industry dummies (ID)
, 347
Infinitesimal changes
, 56
Influence analysis (IA)
, 235
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
, 85
Informational globalisation (INFG)
, 174
Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)
, 294
Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC)
, 344
International competitiveness in South Asian
, 129
International Financial Statistics
, 219
International green capital immobility
basic model
, 56–58
sectors
, 63–65
variant of basic model
, 58–61
variant of first variant
, 61–65
International Monetary Fund
, 219
International trade
basic model
, 56–58
variant of basic model
, 58–61
variant of first variant
, 61–65
Interpersonal globalisation (INTG)
, 174
Iterative design process
, 16
National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC)
, 197
National and international platform, relevancy of air pollution in
, 333–334
National Annual Statistics (NAS)
, 159
National Environment Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)
, 279
National Industrial Classification (NIC)
, 345
National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)
, 208
National political system
, 40
National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)
, 345
Natural capital (NC)
, 297
Nature of operation (NOPN)
, 346–347
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
, 184, 186
variation in
, 338–339
Non-renewable energy resource
, 115
Non-renewable energy sources
, 126
Non-stationary time series
, 131
Non-stationary variables
, 319
Nuclear energy
, 68
investments
, 69
role of nuclear energy to reduce carbon emission problem
, 72
theoretical background
, 69–71
Nuclear energy power plants (NPP)
, 69
Padma Multipurpose Bridge
, 47
Panel cointegration test
, 134
Panel data
estimation method
, 187
regression model
, 346
results
, 223–225
Panel regression estimation
, 190
Panel unit root test
, 131–132
Particulate matter (PM)
, 184, 186–187
Patent (Amendment) Act (2005)
, 156
Pedroni residual cointegration test
, 102
Per capita capital stock
, 116
Per capita GDP (PCGD)
, 175
Per capita output growth rate, relationship between emission, dynamics and
, 33
Perennial enterprises
, 346–347
Perpetual inventory method (PIM)
, 160
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
, 280, 284
Pharmaceutical industry
, 156
Phillips–Perron test (PP)
, 162, 279, 318–319
Photochemical products
, 269
Photovoltaic power plant (PVPP)
, 85
Physical capital (PC)
, 295, 297
Poirier’s Spline function approach
, 6, 285
Political globalisation (POLG)
, 174
Politics of development and environment
, 43–45
Pollution
, 1, 28, 184, 249, 293
control
, 219
energy consumption and
, 166–167
free technology
, 3
policy recommendations
, 258
research questions, data, and methodology
, 251
result of study
, 257–258
theoretical outline of economic growth and environmental governance
, 251–252
Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH)
, 53, 170
Pooling proxy equation
, 131
Principle of Optimality
, 28
Productivity
, 314
growth
, 315
Schwarz information criterion (SIC)
, 133
Seasonal enterprises
, 346–347
Sector specificity of green capital
, 57
Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR)
, 187
Self-helf Group (SHGs)
, 202
Single-bounded DC bidding process
, 147
Single-equation methods
, 98
Single-factor productivity
, 314
Smart city
, 301, 306
approach
, 295
web
, 309
Smart City Mission
calculation and descriptive analysis
, 301–306
city development plans in India
, 294–297
environmental sustainability
, 306
evaluation of
, 297
holistic framework
, 306–310
methodology
, 297–301
Smart technologies
, 13
integration of
, 15
Social Cost of Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2)
, 29
Social globalisation
, 174
Society–economy–ecology–food relationships
, 199
Socio-economic indicators
, 148
Socio-economic phenomena
, 232
South Asian nations and energy used
, 127
Staggered trenches
benefits of
, 201–203
for Sustainable Soil Water Conservation Structure
, 201
Static panel approach
, 217
Static panel data approach
data and methodology
, 219–220
literature review
, 218–219
panel data results
, 223–225
results
, 220–221
trend analysis of FDI inflows
, 221–223
Stationarity test
, 318–319
Statistical analysis
, 241
Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA)
, 6, 263
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 184
variation in
, 338
Suspected particulate matters (SPM)
, 332
variation in
, 337–338
Sustainability
, 41, 129, 196, 231, 306
in fertiliser consumption in agriculture
, 205–208
thoughts
, 41–43
Sustainable agricultural intensification
, 199
Sustainable development
, 5, 26, 41, 112, 229, 250
methodology
, 231–236
results
, 236–241
Sustainable energy systems
, 238
Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLA)
, 293
Sustainable water management for CSA
, 200
benefits of staggered trenches
, 201–203
changes in agri-hydroscape
, 203–205
other changes in socioeconomic conditions
, 205
staggered trenches for
, 201