Index

Citation

Herrmann, A., Brenner, W. and Stadler, R. (2018), "Index", Autonomous Driving, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 427-445. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-833-820181045

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited

---

INDEX

A9 autobahn in Germany

, 134, 135, 407

ACCEL

, 324

Accelerating

, 8, 22, 27, 59, 78, 91, 122, 295, 296

Access Economy

, 344

Acoustic signals

, 108

Ad-hoc mobility solutions

, 354

Ad-hoc networks

, 133

Adaptive cruise control

, 4, 51, 72–74, 78, 86, 96, 113, 116, 289, 297, 333

Aerospace industry

, 153

Agenda for auto industry

culture change

, 396

increasing speed

, 398

service-oriented business model

, 397–398

V-to-home and V-to-business applications

, 399

Agile operating models

, 330

Agriculture

, 154

productivity

, 155

sector

, 154–157

Air pollution

, 27

AirBnB

, 311

Airplane electronics

, 144

Aisin

, 9

Albert (head of design at Yahoo)

, 228

Alexandra (founder and owner of Powerful Minds)

, 228

Alibaba Alipay payment system

, 372

Alternative fuels, autonomous vehicles enabling use of

, 305

Altruistic mode (a-drive mode)

, 252

Amazon

, 138, 141, 311

American Trucking Association

, 68

Android operating system

, 327

Anthropomorphise products

, 290

Appel Logistics transports

, 167

Apple

, 9, 138, 327

CarPlay

, 285

Apple Mac OS

, 247

Apple-type model

, 323

Application

layer

, 119

software

, 118

Artificial intelligence

, 115, 255, 291, 332–333

Artificial neuronal networks

, 114–115

Asia projects

, 371–374

Assembly Row

, 386

Assessment of Safety Standards for Automotive Electronic Control Systems

, 144

Assistance systems

, 71–77

Audi

, 5, 130, 134, 137, 179, 211, 301, 318, 322, 398

Driverless Race Car

, 5

piloted driving

, 286

piloted-parking technology

, 386–387

Audi A7

, 44, 198, 282

Audi A8 series-car

, 79, 180

Audi AI traffic jam pilot

, 79

Audi Fit Driver service

, 318–319

Audi piloted driving lab

, 227, 229

Audi Q7

, 74

assistance systems in

, 75

Audi RS7

, 43, 44, 79

autonomous racing car

, 179

driverless

, 227

Audi TTS

, 43

Audi Urban Future Initiative

, 384–386, 406

Augmented reality

, 279

vision and example

, 279–280

Authorities and cities

, 171–173

Auto ISAC

, 146

Autolib

, 317, 344

Autoliv

, 285

Automakers’ bug-bounty programs

, 146

Automated car

, 233, 246, 264, 289, 384

Automated driving

division of labour between driver and driving system

, 48

examples

, 51–53

image

, 177

levels of

, 47–51

scenarios for making use of travelling time

, 52

strategies

, 53–56

technology

, 160

Automated vehicles

, 9, 174, 246

Automated Vehicles Index

, 367–368

Automatic car

, 233, 244

Automatic pedestrian highlighting

, 78

Automation

ironies of

, 76

responsibility with increasing

, 235

Automobile

, 3, 21

locations

, 405

manufacturers

, 311

Automotive design

, 265–266

Automotive Ethernet

, 126

Automotive incumbents operate

, 330

Automotive industry

, 332–335, 367, 379, 397

Automotive technology

, 327–328

AutoNet2030 project

, 369

Autonomous buses

, 14, 81, 158, 159, 175, 302

Autonomous cars

, 25, 126, 197, 205–206, 233, 244, 270

expected worldwide sales of

, 85

savings effects from

, 67–68

Autonomous driving

, 3, 8, 39, 62, 94, 111, 116, 120, 121–123, 141, 160–162, 171, 173, 207–208, 217, 247, 252, 266, 332–333, 379

applications

, 10–12, 160

aspects for

, 93

Audi car

, 5

autonomous Audi TTS on Way to Pikes Peak

, 43

in combination with autonomous loading hubs

, 166

driving to hub

, 213

ecosystem

, 18–20, 131

element

, 243

facts about

, 306

functions

, 74

impression

, 40

industry

, 16–18

living room in Autonomous Mercedes F015

, 44

milestones of automotive development

, 4

NuTonomy

, 6

projects

, 41–45

real-world model of

, 92

scenarios

, 211–215

science fiction

, 39–41

technology

, 9–10, 92

time management

, 215–218

vehicles

, 12–16

See also Human driving

Autonomous driving failure

, 221

consequence

, 221–222

decision conflict in autonomous car

, 223

design options

, 222–223

influencer

, 223–224

Autonomous Mercedes F015 living room in

, 44

Autonomous mobility

, 12, 13, 16–17, 172, 405

establishment as industry of future

, 404–405

resistance to

, 171–172

Autonomous Robocars

, 81

Autonomous sharp

, 274

‘Autonomous soft’ mode

, 274

Autonomous trucks

, 161

from Daimler

, 163

savings effects from

, 68–69

Autonomous vehicles

, 26, 81, 99, 138, 155, 182, 221, 238, 249, 255, 353–354

enabling use of alternative fuels

, 305

integration in cities

, 406

promoting tests with

, 407

uses

, 153

AutoVots fleet

, 350

Backup levels

, 127

Baidu apps

, 338, 372

Base layer

, 119

Becker, Jan

, 42–43

Behavioural law

, 234

Being driven

, 61, 63, 78, 342–343

Ben-Noon, Ofer

, 142, 143, 145

Benz, Carl

, 3, 4

Bertha (autonomous research vehicle)

, 42

Big data

, 313, 332–333

BlaBlaCar

, 359

Blackfriars bridge, lidar print cloud of

, 104

Blind-spot detection

, 78

Bloggers

, 225–227

Blonde Salad, The

, 226

Bluetooth

, 130, 142, 154

BMW

, 6, 130, 137, 174, 180, 316, 320, 322, 332–333, 372, 398

3-series cars

, 338

BMW i3

, 27

holoactive touch

, 285

Boeing 777 development

, 243

Boeing

, 787, 261

Bosch

, 9, 181–182

Bosch, Robert

, 333

Bosch suppliers

, 315

BosWash, metropolitan region

, 384

Budii car

, 272–273

Business models

, 311, 353–355

automobile manufacturers

, 311

content creators

, 319–320

data creators

, 320–322

examples

, 312

hardware creators

, 314–315

options

, 312–314

passenger looks for new products

, 321

passenger visits website

, 321

service creators

, 316–319

software creators

, 315–316

strategic mix

, 322–323

Business vehicle

, 15

Business-to-consumer car sharing

, 342–343

Cadillac

, 180

California PATH Research Reports

, 298–299

Cambot

, 290

Cameras

, 111, 126

CAN bus

, 126, 143

Capsule

, 33

Car and ride sharing, studies on

, 348

Car dealers, repair shops and insurance companies

, 173–174

Car manufacturers

, 328, 396–397

business model

, 312

Car-pooling efforts

, 364–365

Car-sharing

programs

, 364–365

service

, 383

Car-sharing

, 206

Car2Go

, 317, 345

Casey Neistat

, 226

Castillo, Jose

, 364–365

Celebrities and bloggers

, 225–227

Central driver assistance control unit

, 124

Central processing unit

, 96, 124

zFAS

, 125

Centre for Economic and Business Research in London

, 189

Chevrolet

, 40

app from General Motors

, 316

Spark EV

, 27

Cisco

, 41

CityMobil project

, 369, 406

CityMobil2

, 14, 157

Cognitive distraction

, 287

Coherent European framework

, 246

Committee on Autonomous Road Transport for Singapore

, 347

Communication

, 198–200

investing in communication infrastructure

, 403–404

technology

, 261

Community

, 341

detection algorithms

, 389

Companion app

, 316

Compelling force

, 223

Competitiveness

Iain Forbes

, 368–369

projects in Asia

, 371–374

projects in Europe and United States

, 369–371

projects in Israel

, 374–375

Computer operating systems

, 247

Computer-driven driving

, 108

Computerised information processing

, 109

Congestion pricing

, 296

Connected car

, 129

ad-hoc networks

, 133

connected driving

, 137–138

connected mobility

, 138

development of mobile communication networks

, 130

digital ecosystems

, 138

eCall

, 136–137

online services

, 136–137

permanent networks

, 130

statement by telecommunications experts

, 132–133

V-to-I communication

, 134–135

V-to-V communication

, 133–134

V-to-X communication

, 135–136

See also Digitised car

Connected mobility

, 129, 138

Connected vehicles

, 138

vulnerability of

, 142

Connected-car services

, 313

Connectivity of vehicles

, 147

Consumer-electronics companies

, 285

Container Terminal

, 159

Content creators

, 319–320

Continental (automotive suppliers)

, 9, 284, 315

Continuous feedback

, 281

Convenience

, 302–304, 306

Conventional breakthrough approach

, 332

Conventional broadband applications

, 132

Conventional car manufacturing

, 10

Cook, Tim

, 182

Cooperative intelligent transport system (C-ITS)

, 369–370

Corporate Average Fuel Economy standard

, 297

Cost(s)

, 187–192, 295

autonomous vehicles enabling use of alternative fuels

, 305

fuel economy

, 297–299

intelligent infrastructures

, 299–301

land use

, 304

operating costs

, 301–302

relationship between road speed and road throughput

, 296

vehicle throughput

, 295–297

Croove app

, 318

Culture

, 330

change

, 396

differences

, 195–197

and organisational transformation

, 395

Curtatone, Joseph

, 387

Customers’ expectations

attitudes

, 204–207

incidents

, 203–204

interview with 14 car dealers

, 207

persuasion

, 207–208

statements by two early adopters

, 205

Cyber attacks

, 141

Cyber hacking or failures in algorithms

, 354

Cyber security

, 141–146

Cyber-physical systems

, 9

Daimler

, 130

Data

, 121

categories in vehicle

, 147

creators

, 320–322

from passengers

, 94–95

privacy

, 147–148

processing

, 91

protection principles

, 148

recorders

, 239

Data-capturing technology

, 103

Data-protection issues

, 239

Database

, 98

Decelerating

, 91, 122

Decision-making mechanism

, 369

Declaration of Amsterdam

, 246–247

Deep learning

, 115

Deep neural networks

, 115–116

Deere, John

, 154, 155

Deere, John

, 154, 155, 263

Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA)

, 41

Degree of autonomous driving

, 53

Degree of autonomy

, 262

Degree of market penetration

, 84

Degree of not-invented-here arrogance

, 332

Degree of vehicle’s automation

, 233–234

Delhi municipal government

, 21–22

Delphi

, 9, 181

Delphi Automotive Systems

, 6

Demise of Kodak

, 111

Denner, Volkmar

, 333–334

Denso

, 9

Depreciation

, 345

Destination control

, 299, 300

Digital company development

, 395–396

Digital economy

, 225

Digital ecosystems

, 138

Digital light-processing technology

, 277, 279

Digital maps

, 101

Digital products

, 267

Digitised car

algorithms

, 113–117

backup levels

, 127

car as digitised product

, 111–112

data

, 121

drive recorder

, 125–126

drive-by-wire

, 122

over-provisioning

, 127

processor

, 122–125

software

, 117–121

See also Connected car

Digitising and design of vehicle

, 265–267

Dilemma situations

, 61

Direct attacks

, 141

Direct connectivity of vehicle

, 130

Disruptions in mobility

, 31, 34

arguments

, 34–35

history

, 32–33

OICA

, 34

Disruptive technologies

, 221, 223, 402

Document operation-relevant data

, 263

Doll, Claus

, 166

Dongles

, 142

Drees, Joachim

, 165

‘Drive boost’ mode

, 274

“Drive me” project

, 370

Drive recorder

, 125–126

‘Drive relax’ mode

, 274

Drive-by-wire

, 122

DriveNow

, 317, 345

Driver

, 235

role

, 235–238

Driver distraction

, 55

causes and consequences

, 278

Driver-assistance systems

, 53, 71, 160, 174, 222, 298, 333, 353

Driverless

cars

, 3, 7, 27–28, 222, 233, 244

taxis

, 302

vans

, 406

vehicles

, 168

Driverless Audi RS7

, 227–229

Driverless Race Car of Audi

, 5

Driving

manoeuvres

, 91

modes

, 107

oneself

, 342–343

Drunk driving

, 303

Dvorak keyboard

, 242

Dynamic patterns of movement in city of London

, 390

eCall. See Emergency call (eCall)

Eco-driving functions

, 297

Eco-routing applications

, 299

Economic(s)

, 65, 328

approach

, 250–251

exchange

, 344

potential savings from self-driving cars and trucks

, 66

savings effects from autonomous cars

, 67–68

from autonomous trucks

, 68–69

value shifts in automotive industry

, 329

Ecosystem

degree of autonomy

, 262–263

ecosystem of vehicles

, 263–264

intelligent connected vehicle

, 261–262

tractor to ecosystem

, 262

of vehicles

, 263–264

e-drive mode. See Egotistical mode (e-drive mode)

e-Golf

, 180

Egotistical mode (e-drive mode)

, 252

Eight Race car Drivers, statements by

, 62

Electric cars

, 26, 27

Electric motors

, 26

Electric Tesla Model S

, 203

Electrification

, 26–27

Electronic stability control (ESC)

, 303

Electronic stability program (ESP)

, 333

Elevator technology

, 32

Emergency call (eCall)

, 136–137

Emerging societies

automotive industry

, 379

process of industrialization

, 378

Emissions

, 187–192

End-2-end deep neural networks

, 115

Endorsers

, 225

Engine management

, 122

Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB). See Conventional broadband applications

Entertainment

, 74, 212

Epley, Nicholas

, 292

Ericsson

, 130

Ethernet

, 143–144

Ethics and morals for autonomous driving

approaches

, 250–252

avoid collisions

, 249–250

conflicts

, 252–254

ethics commission

, 254–255

experiments

, 252

Julian Nida-Rümelin statement

, 253–254

level of transparency

, 255

Martin Kolmar statement

, 256

trolley problem

, 250

Europe, projects in

, 369–371

European Commission

, 246

European Union

, 407

Facebook

, 26, 117, 227, 319

Fail operational system

, 123

Fail-safe system

, 123

Fallback level

, 127

Faraday Future

, 183

Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards

, 234

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

, 146

Fendt manufacturer

, 154

Ferragni, Chiara (Italian fashion designer)

, 226

Fiat 500e

, 27

Fields, Mark

, 180

Fiesta model

, 227

Fiesta Movement

, 227

Financial incentives

, 222

Finnish mobility

, 371

First autonomous vehicles, categories of

, 82

5G

, 131–133

Automotive Association

, 130

licenses

, 403

networks

, 132, 173, 379

Flannagan, Carol A.

, 303–304

Fleet(s)

, 349–350

management

, 364–365

of robo-cars

, 347

Forbes, Iain

, 368–369

Ford

, 6, 130, 180, 322, 332–333, 372

Ford Fiesta

, 227–229

Ford Focus Electric

, 27

Ford Sync system

, 316

Forward collision warning

, 4, 72, 193

4G networks

, 65, 165, 377, 379, 403

Fraunhofer Society

, 320

Frazzoli, Emilio

, 112

Free time

, 58

Fröhlich, Dieter

, 148

Front and rear crash sensing

, 78

Fuel economy

, 297–299

Fuel-cell electric vehicles

, 26–27

Gassmann, Oliver

, 300

Geisi

, 157

General Motors

, 6, 40, 133–134, 136–137, 180, 281, 322, 332–333

Generation Y

, 28

German Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA)

, 17

German car manufacturers

, 367–368

Germany, A9 autobahn in

, 134, 135

Gett app

, 317

Gladbach, Peter

, 148

Glaser, Erik

, 198

Global positioning system (GPS)

, 141, 377

GPS-based satellite navigation systems

, 104

navigation

, 154, 263

Google

, 9, 138, 173, 179, 182, 255, 327, 330, 334–338, 359

Android Auto

, 285

cars

, 54

mapping vehicles

, 336

maps

, 338

GPUs

, 115

Gradual automation

, 211

Grape harvest

, 156

Greenwheels

, 345

Gridlock

, 22

Grove, Andy (Intel CEO)

, 222

GuideConnect system

, 154

Hardware creators

, 314–315

Hazard warnings

, 137

HD map

, 101, 105, 135

Head-up display

, 279, 280, 281

Henriksson, Henrik

, 161

Her (2013 movie)

, 291

Herbie (anthropomorphic racing beetle)

, 41

HERE

, 137–138

live map

, 101

Map Service

, 101

Hiesinger, Heinrich (ThyssenKrupp CEO)

, 324–325

High-performance software

, 281

Highly automated vehicles

, 403

Highway assistant

, 49

Highway chauffeur

, 49

Highway pilot

, 49

Hilly landscape of Istanbul

, 385

Hockenheim racetrack

, 227, 229

Honda Fit EV

, 27

Hongqi HQ3

, 379

Huang, Jen-Hsun (CEO of Nvidia)

, 6

Huawei

, 130, 131, 372

Human dignity

, 251, 253

Human driving

, 21

facts about

, 21, 23

traffic problems

, 22

See also Autonomous driving

Human senses

, 279

Human voice

, 292

Human-like speech

, 292

Humanising

driving

, 102

technology

, 292–293

Human–machine interaction

, 233, 277, 282, 288, 332–333

causes and consequences of driver distraction

, 278

head-up display

, 280

mechanics

, 277–283

take-over request

, 285–287

technology

, 332

trust

, 287–293

user interfaces

, 283–285

vision and example of augmented-reality application

, 279–280

Hyundai

, 180, 372

IBM

, 31

IBM Global Parking Survey

, 191–192

IBM OS/2

, 247

IEEE

, 243

Image processing

, 124

Imperative programming

, 99

In-vehicle algorithms

, 298

Individualised displays

, 316

Industrial policy

, 405

Industrialization process

, 378

Industry clusters development

, 405–406

Infinity Q50

, 123

Influencers

, 223–225

Information

to passengers and to environment

, 108

technology

, 261

Infotainment devices

, 142, 284, 285

Instant torque

, 26

Insurance

, 369

companies

, 356–357, 358

Insurance industry

business model

, 353–355

liability

, 355–356

new products, new services

, 356–359

Intel

, 35, 42, 125, 130

Intelligent connected vehicle

, 261–262

Intelligent infrastructures

, 299–301

International norm committees

, 243

International Transport Forum of OECD

, 349

Internet

, 336

in cars

, 136

connectivity

, 320

giants

, 138, 359

industry

, 338

services

, 19

iPhone

, 7, 398

ISO 11270 Norm for Lane-Keeping Assistance System

, 244

ISO committees

, 243

Israel, projects in

, 374–375

Jaguar

, 42, 130

Jaybridge Robotics

, 181

Junge, Lutz

, 115

K-City

, 7

construction

, 7

self-driving car test facility

, 373

Keecker Robot

, 291

Keller, David

, 39

Kia

, 6, 7

Kia Soul EV

, 27

Kinze manufacturer

, 154

Klout

, 227

Knight Rider TV series

, 41

Kodak

, 111, 312

Kolmar, Martin

, 256

Kolodge, Kristin

, 289

Kred company

, 227

Kremling, Hartmut

, 131

Land Rover

, 42, 130

Land use

, 304

Landmarks

, 93, 103

Lane localisation

, 103

Lane modelling

, 103

Lane-departure warnings

, 72, 78

Lane-keeping assistance systems (LKAS)

, 244

Lantz, Brett

, 99–100

Last-mile delivery

, 168

Launching ride-and car-sharing services

, 317

Le Super Electric Ecosystem (LeSee)

, 183

LeEco

, 16, 183

Legal entities

, 235

Legal framework

, 57, 79, 246, 335, 378, 401–402

Legislation

, 11, 172, 367, 401

Leisure time

, 34, 212, 322

LeSee. See Le Super Electric Ecosystem (LeSee)

Lexus

, 173

Liability

, 355–356

law

, 237

mechanism

, 237

Lieu, Ted

, 145

Life magazine

, 40

Light detection and ranging technology (lidar technology)

, 95, 96, 126

lane-level and intersection mapping based on

, 105

sensors

, 338

systems

, 181, 331

Line-haul transportation

, 160–168

Little, Patrick

, 126

Live roads

, 100, 102

Living Machine, The

, 39

Localisation

, 94

accurate lane

, 103

vehicle’s own

, 104

Localising

, 94, 101–104

Logistics operations

, 159

London

Centre for Economic and Business Research in

, 189

dynamic patterns of movement in city of

, 390

lidar print cloud of Blackfriars Bridge in

, 104

pedestrians in traffic in

, 196

Long-distance autonomous vehicle, interior of

, 15, 16

Long-haul trucks

, 69

Long-term evolution (LTE)

, 65

LTE-V

, 131–133

Luxe app

, 319

Lyft

, 174, 344

Ma, Jun

, 373

Machine-learning

, 99, 113, 332–333

algorithms

, 93, 96, 98, 116–117, 336

technology

, 332

Macroeconomic analyses

, 243

‘Made in China 2025’

, 371–372

Magna

, 9

Manufacturers

, 17, 21, 45, 55, 84, 179–181, 263, 331

Mapping

, 94, 101–104

Mars Rover Curiosity

, 153

Mass motorisation

, 39

McKinsey & Company

, 320

Megacities

, 58, 381–383

Megatrends in mobility

, 25

connectivity

, 25–26

electrification

, 26–27

sustainability

, 27–28

urbanisation

, 26

Melody of speech

, 292

Mercedes

, 137, 179, 180, 316, 318, 322, 332–333, 398

F015

, 282

Mercedes-Benz

, 372

Mercedes-Benz robot

, 290

S-Class cars

, 184, 261

Self-Driving F015

, 5

Mercedes’ Self-Driving F015

, 5

Metaphors

, 290

Metropolises

, 382, 406

Meyer, Andreas

, 175

Microsoft Windows

, 9, 183, 247, 327

Military industry

, 153

Mobileye

, 9, 16

Mobility

, 363

autonomous

, 171–172

behaviours

, 222

connected

, 138

platforms

, 174–177, 184, 317

Mobility as social interaction

communication

, 198–200

cultural differences

, 195–197

pedestrians in traffic in London

, 196

pedestrians in traffic in Teheran

, 197

Mobility, disruptions in

, 31, 34

arguments

, 34–35

history

, 32–33

OICA

, 34

Mobility, megatrends in

, 25

connectivity

, 25–26

electrification

, 26–27

sustainability

, 27–28

urbanisation

, 26

Mobility, problem with

implications of congestion in United States

, 188

safety

, 192–193

time, costs and emissions

, 187–192

Modes of transportation

, 12, 81, 138, 343, 384

Modified 3-series BMW

, 180

MOIA Company

, 317

Monitoring

, 106–108

Monotonous voices

, 292

Montparnasse Station, Paris, accident at

, 32, 33

Moore’s Law

, 124

Moovel mobility platform

, 19, 174, 317

Moral behavior

, 253–254

Morgan Stanley Research

, 65, 66

MP3 technology

, 312

Multi-layered cyber security approach

, 145

Multi-purpose vehicles

, 14

Multimodal approach

, 281

Multimodal transport app, Finland

, 371

Multipliers

, 225, 228

Musk, Elon

, 181

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

, 55, 57, 61, 125, 144, 191

Nauto

, 41, 42

Navia

, 158

Navya

, 41, 42

Nelson, Bill

, 146

Netflix

, 141, 311, 319

Network coverage

, 403

Neural Networks

, 99, 115–116

New Displays

, 283, 284

New York City public transportation network

, 363

Nida-Rümelin, Julian

, 253–254

Nielsen’s ten usability heuristics

, 283

NioEV’s new sports car Nio EP9

, 5

Nissan

, 6, 198

Nissan Leaf

, 27

Nissan Teatro for Dayz

, 273–274

Nokia

, 130, 131

Norms

, 241–242, 243–246

NuTonomy

, 6, 9, 16, 112, 315

Nvidia

, 6, 9, 16, 117, 125, 183, 315

Object recognition

, 55, 93

Ohlsen, Jörg

, 83

Online services

, 129, 136–137

OnStar

, 136–137

Open-source software

, 119

Operating costs

, 301–302

Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobiles (OICA)

, 34

Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs)

, 146

Orix

, 317, 344

Output layer

, 119

Over-provisioning

, 127

Paolo (Netflix Design Director)

, 228

PARK incentive program

, 385

Park24

, 317, 344

Parking

space

, 304

system

, 78

Parsons, Philip

, 388

Particulate matter (PM)

, 191, 204

Pearl River Delta

, 386, 389

Pedestrians

car’s interactions with

, 200

traffic in London

, 196

traffic in Teheran

, 197

Peer-to-peer

car sharing

, 342–343

service

, 350–351

Perceptual errors

, 249

Peters, Gary

, 146

Peugeot Instinct concept car

, 273

Physical roadside objects

, 103

Pikes Peak drive

, 179

Pivotal 2015

, 320

Planning

, 94, 106–108, 406

behavioural

, 107

mission

, 106–107

trajectory

, 336

Platooning

, 133, 163, 165

autonomous truck

, 347

vehicle

, 299

Platoons

, 8, 49, 164, 166, 299, 369

Players

manufacturers

, 179–181

mobility platforms

, 184

new players

, 183

suppliers

, 181–182

technology companies

, 182–183

Playing fields, autonomous driving

agricultural sector

, 154–157

autonomous tractor in use

, 156

last-mile delivery

, 168

line-haul transportation

, 160–168

logistics operations

, 159

military and aerospace industry

, 153

public transportation

, 157–159

warehouse transportation

, 159

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

, 26

Pokrzywa, Jack (Director of SAE)

, 244–245

Politicians

, 172, 249

Politics

, 171–173

Polmans, Kristof

, 123–124

Pooling

, 342–345

Power, J. D.

, 288

PPzuche

, 317, 344

Pre-programmed algorithms

, 250

Premium manufacturers

, 14, 315

Private transport

, 246, 404

Processing unit

, 73, 91, 315

Processors

, 122–125

automotive

, 126

graphics

, 167

Qualcomm Snapdragon

, 126

Qualcomm Technologies

, 126

Product

design

, 267

estimated revenues by product package

, 77

innovation

, 225

Protection and liability of autonomous systems

data recorders

, 239

degree of vehicle’s automation

, 233–234

driver role

, 235–238

legal situation in United States

, 234–235

responsibility with increasing automation

, 235

Vienna Convention

, 234

PSA

, 180–181

Public opinion

, 171–173

Public pilot project

, 370

Public transport

, 12, 18, 34, 54, 343, 404

Public transportation

, 157–159, 347, 363, 386, 389

Purucker, Christian

, 76

Qualcomm Technologies

, 9, 125, 126, 130, 315

QWERTY keyboard configuration

, 242

Radar sensors

, 134, 333

Radar technology. See Radio detection and ranging technology (Radar technology)

Radio detection and ranging technology (Radar technology)

, 95, 126

Railways

companies

, 174–177

development

, 32

network

, 386

Rand Corporation

, 6, 191

Real-time traffic

, 137, 262

Real-world model

, 92, 99, 105–106

of autonomous driving

, 92

computer-driven driving

, 108

data from passengers

, 94–95

information to passengers and to environment

, 108

lane-level and intersection mapping based on lidar

, 105

lidar print cloud of blackfriars bridge

, 104

mapping and localising

, 101–104

planning and monitoring

, 106–108

sensing and detecting

, 95–100

sensors for vehicle dynamics information

, 97

sensors in autonomous vehicles

, 95

simulation

, 91–92

un-fused sensor data of static and dynamic objects

, 106

Redundant steering systems

, 124

Reich, Andreas

, 135, 136

Reinforcement learning

, 114

Relaxation

, 80, 212, 218

Reliability of electronic brake systems

, 122

Remote vehicle monitoring

, 261

Responsibility with increasing automation

, 235

Ride-sharing

, 22, 184, 206, 302

companies

, 404

models

, 343

services

, 344, 384, 397

RIO platform

, 167

Road(s)

, 103

experience management

, 94

networks in Chinese megacities

, 382

road-safety legislation

, 192

and telecommunication networks

, 379

traffic

, 195

users

, 108

Roadmap

assistance systems

, 71–77

categories of first autonomous vehicles

, 82

development phases

, 77–81

estimated revenues by product package

, 77

expected worldwide sales of cars

, 85

sales forecasts

, 84–86

types of vehicles

, 81–84

Roadside objects

, 103, 107

Roadster

, 27

Robo-cars

, 12, 18, 19, 83, 298, 346–349, 347, 406

autonomous

, 13

from Google

, 335–336

Robots

, 10, 58, 238

Roland Berger & Partners

, 320

Rosa, Hartmut

, 217

SAE J3016 document

, 244

Safety

, 192–193, 295, 302–304

autonomous vehicles enabling use of alternative fuels

, 305

fuel economy

, 297–299

functions

, 74, 78

intelligent infrastructures

, 299–301

land use

, 304

operating costs

, 301–302

relationship between road speed and road throughput

, 296

vehicle throughput

, 295–297

Sales forecasts

, 84–86

Samuelsson, Hakan

, 174

San Francisco Park

, 301

Savarese, Domenico

, 354

Savings effects

from autonomous cars

, 67–68

from autonomous trucks

, 68–69

Scania truck

, 162, 261

Schaeffler

, 9

Science fiction

, 3, 39–41

Scientists

, 177

Security and Privacy in Your Car Act of 2017 (SPY Car Act of 2017)

, 145

Segway scooter

, 221

Self-determination

, 147, 148, 205

Self-driving

cars

, 22, 24, 25, 39, 61, 203, 223, 224, 233, 244, 261, 295, 299, 304, 337, 346, 395

features

, 222

fleet of vehicles

, 171–172, 349

grain trailer

, 263

prototypes

, 198, 377

taxis

, 337, 345, 374

tractors

, 8, 154, 155, 156

trucks

, 66, 69, 70, 164, 165

vehicles

, 153, 171, 175, 222, 225, 233, 354, 368, 379, 388

Self-learning system

, 55, 238

Self-parking

, 74, 288, 387

Sensing

, 93

and detecting

, 95–100

front crash-sensing system

, 78

Sensor(s)

, 261, 374–375

applications

, 132

in autonomous vehicles

, 95

data

, 165

for vehicle dynamics information

, 97

Sensory perception

, 279

Service creators

, 316–319

Service-oriented business model

, 397–398

Sharing economy

fleets

, 349–350

peer-to-peer service

, 350–351

robo-cars

, 346–349

sharing, pooling

, 342–345

trend

, 341–342

Shashua, Amnon

, 93

Shenzhen

, 386–389

Shneiderman’s eight golden rules of interface design

, 283

Shoeibi, Houchan (President, Saint-Gobain Sekurit)

, 271

Shuttle service

, 14, 383

Simulation

, 91–92, 121, 345, 350

Singapore Autonomous Vehicle Initiative

, 372–373

Smart-city

challenges

, 383

features

, 406

Smartphone

, 79, 216, 222, 317, 402, 407

app

, 6, 28, 358, 374

industry

, 127

signals

, 136

unrestricted spread

, 255

Social acceptance

, 402

Social discourse

, 402

Social exchange

, 344

Social interaction

communication

, 198–200

cultural differences

, 195–197

mobility as

, 195

pedestrians in traffic in London

, 196

pedestrians in traffic in Teheran

, 197

Social networks

, 7, 225, 227, 341

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)

, 47, 144, 243–245

Software

, 93, 111, 117–121

creators

, 315–316

errors

, 249

testing

, 120

Somerville

, 386–389

Spotify

, 141, 316, 319

Stahl, Florian

, 113–115

Stakeholders

car dealers, repair shops and insurance companies

, 173–174

public opinion, politics, authorities and cities

, 171–173

railway companies and mobility platforms

, 174–177

scientists

, 177

technology and telecommunication companies

, 173

train station as transportation hub

, 176

Standards

, 241

characterisation

, 242–243

development of technology

, 241–242

dominant design

, 247–248

State Farm Insurance

, 316

State Route 91 in Southern California

, 296

Statham, Jason (British actor)

, 226

Status-conscious customers

, 204

Steer-by-wire

, 122

solutions

, 324

system

, 123

Steering

, 76, 91, 96, 108, 122

manoeuvre

, 253, 286

redundant steering systems

, 124

systems

, 324

ThyssenKrupp

, 123

wheel

, 15, 43, 72, 76, 123, 238, 285

Stop-and-go traffic

, 58, 206, 218, 295, 299

Suburbs

, 317, 404

Supervised learning

, 113–114

Suppliers

, 17, 35, 41, 70, 77, 125, 171, 181–182, 243, 284, 312, 323, 333, 398, 405

Swedish car manufacturer

, 355

Swiss Railway Corporation

, 174–176

Systematic connectivity

, 403

Tactile signals

, 72, 108

Take-over request

, 285–287

TaxiBots fleet

, 350

Technical standards

, 247, 371

Technological functions

, 247

Technology

, 173

companies

, 55, 182–183

fusion

, 330–334

partnerships

, 318

Teheran, pedestrians in traffic in

, 197

Telecommunication

companies

, 173

statement by telecommunications experts

, 132

Telematics

data

, 356

devices

, 142

services

, 142

Ten-point plan for governments

, 401

autonomous mobility establishment as industry of future

, 404–405

autonomous vehicles integration in cities

, 406

industry clusters development

, 405–406

initiating social discourse

, 402

investing in communication infrastructure

, 403–404

investing in transport infrastructure

, 402–403

linking public and private transport

, 404

promoting research, development and education

, 406–407

promoting tests with autonomous vehicles

, 407

setting legal framework

, 401–402

Terror (film)

, 252

Tesla

, 5, 27, 53, 125, 179, 203–204

Texas A & M University

, 69

Texas Institute for Urban Mobility

, 68

Thune, John

, 146

ThyssenKrupp Steering

, 123, 324–325

Time

, 187–192, 295, 302–304

autonomous vehicles enabling use of alternative fuels

, 305

fuel economy

, 297–299

intelligent infrastructures

, 299–301

land use

, 304

management

, 215–218

operating costs

, 301–302

relationship between road speed and road throughput

, 296

vehicle throughput

, 295–297

Time-critical, reliable applications

, 132

Touareg, Volkswagen

, 41

Toyota

, 6, 181, 332–333

research into artificial intelligence and self-driving cars

, 183

Toyota RAV4 EV

, 27

Tractor’s steering system

, 154

Traditional automobile companies

, 53

Traditional automotive suppliers

, 9, 125

Traffic

, 389

and art

, 389–390

flows control

, 248

infrastructure

, 58, 247–248, 377, 383, 386

laws

, 148, 249

regulations

, 44, 107, 195, 255, 373

situation

, 6, 10, 21, 55, 65, 80, 93, 102, 160, 187, 206, 251, 316, 336, 365, 386

in United States, Canada, and Northern and Central Europe

, 195

Traffic jams

, 21, 63, 68, 189, 247, 286, 365, 388

assistants

, 10, 53, 113

in daily commuter traffic

, 365

time lost in

, 187

Transparency

, 147, 148, 167, 255

Transport cost

, 166, 346, 347

Transport infrastructure, investing in

, 402–403

Transportation system

, 8, 158, 324, 384–385

Trendsetters

, 225

Trojans

, 142

Trolley problem

, 250

Truck(s)

, 66, 160

of de Winter Logistics transport

, 167

explanation of savings effects from autonomous

, 68–69

potential savings from self-driving cars and

, 66

Trust

, 287–293

TRW

, 9

Twitter

, 26, 141, 226, 227

Type-approval

authorities

, 172

law

, 234

Uber

, 174, 184, 311, 317, 343, 358

UK automotive industry

, 368

Ultrasonic sensors

, 126, 333

Un-fused sensor data of static and dynamic objects

, 106

Unbox Therapy

, 226

Underused assets

, 341, 351

UNECE vehicle regulations

, 234

Uniform legal framework

, 246

Union Square in Somerville

, 387–388

United Nations General Assembly

, 192

United States

, 63, 67, 367, 402

current fuel economy for cars

, 59

implications of congestion in

, 188

legal situation in

, 234–235

Luxe start-up in

, 319

projects in

, 369–371

roads in

, 86

traffic in

, 195

University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute

, 120

Urban Challenge

, 42

Urban development

Audi urban future initiative

, 384–386

megacities

, 381–383

Shenzhen

, 386–389

smart-city challenges

, 383

Somerville

, 386–389

traffic and art

, 389–390

“Urban Parangolé” project

, 384–385

Urban traffic

, 17, 54, 79, 120, 168, 183, 384

Urbanisation

, 26, 29, 341, 381, 382

US Department for Energy

, 69

US Department of Transportation

, 69, 298, 355, 383

US Environmental Protection Agency

, 191

US Federal Highway Administration

, 296

US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)

, 145–146, 370

US Tech Choice study

, 288

Use cases for autonomous driving

driving to hub

, 213

scenarios

, 211–215

time management

, 215–218

User groups

, 66

User interfaces

, 283–285

Utilitarian approach

, 250–251, 257

V-to-business application

, 399

V-to-dealer communication

, 25

V-to-everything communication

, 375

V-to-home

application

, 399

services

, 318

V-to-life applications

, 318

Valeo

, 182

Value chains

Baidu

, 338

conditions

, 328, 330, 331

economics

, 328, 329

Google

, 334–338

redesign

, 327–328

technology fusion

, 330–334

Vehicle

automation

, 401

connectivity

, 143

digitising and design

, 265–267

management

, 74

manufacturers

, 313

platooning

, 299

surroundings

, 284

throughput

, 295–297

types

, 81–84

Vehicle as ecosystem

, 263–264

degree of autonomy

, 262–263

intelligent connected vehicle

, 261–262

tractor to ecosystem

, 262

Vehicle detection

in autonomous vehicles

, 95

challenges

, 98, 100, 103–104

lidar

, 95, 96

machine-learning algorithms

, 96, 98

Radar

, 95

for vehicle dynamics information

, 97

Vehicle sketches and drafts

, 267

Audi designers’ drafts of short-distance vehicles

, 269–270

Audi designers’ sketches of long-distance vehicles

, 268

Budii car concept

, 272–273

driverless cars

, 267–269

interview with Houchan Shoeibi

, 271–272

Nissan Teatro for Dayz

, 273–274

Volkswagen Sedric

, 274–275

Vehicle-to-cloud communication (V-to-C communication)

, 129

Vehicle-to-infrastructure communication (V-to-I communication)

, 25, 74, 129, 134–135, 143, 182, 241, 243, 246, 247, 332, 369, 371, 377, 397, 399

Vehicle-to-pedestrian communication

, 136

Vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V-to-V communication)

, 10, 25, 74, 129, 133–134, 182, 241, 243, 246, 247, 295, 298, 332, 369, 371, 375, 377, 397, 399, 403

Vehicle-to-vehicle connectivity

, 143

Vehicle-to-X (V-to-X)

, 25, 135–136, 241, 369–370

applications

, 101, 147

communication

, 272

Version control

, 120

Video cameras

, 227, 333

Vienna Convention (1968)

, 11, 172, 234, 246, 254, 401

Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

, 278

Viruses

, 142

Visions

, 57

energy

, 59–60

lives

, 57–58

objections

, 61–63

people

, 60

people doing in autonomous cars

, 62

preconditions

, 60–61

space

, 58–59

time

, 58

VisLab research vehicle

, 42

Visteon

, 284

Visual signals

, 78, 247

Visualisations of mobility hubs for Boston and Washington

, 385

Volkswagen

, 6, 130, 317, 332–333

e-Golf

, 27

group

, 198

Sedric

, 274–275

Volvo Car Corporation

, 45, 117, 174, 181, 316, 322

von Pentz, Markwart

, 155

Vulnerability of connected vehicles

, 142

Warehouse transportation

, 159

Waterfall approach

, 330

Waze, real-time traffic mapping app

, 374–375

Wickenheiser, Othmar (Professor of Design)

, 266

Wilson, Joe

, 145

Wissmann, Matthias

, 17–18

WLAN

, 154

Work and welfare

Jose Castillo statement

, 364–365

prisoners of city

, 366

traffic jams

, 365

World Health Organization

, 191, 354, 378

WWired article

, 142

YouTube

, 53, 227, 319, 323

YouTubers

, 226

Yueting, Jia

, 183

Zetsche, Dieter

, 290

zFAS central processing unit

, 118, 124, 125

zForce steering wheel

, 285

Zimmer, John

, 180

Zipcar

, 344

Zurich Insurance Group

, 354