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Prelims

Agri-Food 4.0

ISBN: 978-1-80117-499-2, eISBN: 978-1-80117-498-5

ISSN: 1877-6361

Publication date: 28 March 2022

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(2022), "Prelims", Mor, R.S., Kumar, D. and Singh, A. (Ed.) Agri-Food 4.0 (Advanced Series in Management, Vol. 27), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xxi. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1877-636120220000027014

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2022 Rahul S Mor, Dinesh Kumar and Anupama Singh. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited

Half Title Page

Agri-Food 4.0

Series Title Page

Advanced Series in Management

Series Editors: Miguel R. Olivas-Lujan and Tanya Bondarouk

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Title Page

Advanced Series in Management Volume 27

Agri-Food 4.0: Innovations, Challenges and Strategies

Edited By

Dr. Rahul S Mor

National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Sonepat, India

Dr. Dinesh Kumar

National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India

And

Dr. Anupama Singh

National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Sonepat, India

United Kingdom – North America – Japan India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2022

Editorial matter and selection © 2022 Rahul S Mor, Dinesh Kumar and Anupama Singh.

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

Individual chapters © 2022 by Emerald Publishing Limited.

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British Library Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-80117-499-2 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80117-498-5 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-80117-500-5 (Epub)

ISSN: 1877-6361 (Series)

List of Figures

Chapter 1
Figure 1. Descriptive Analysis Focused on AF4&S Overlay (a) Keywords, and Collaborations Networks by (b) Countries, (c) Authors, (d) Institutions. Content Analysis of AF4&S (d).
Figure 2. Patent Families by Technology Domain and Concept Clusters. (a,b) 2001–2005, (c,d) 2006–2010, (e,f) 2011–2015, (g,h) 2016–2020, (i,j) 2021.
Chapter 3
Figure 1. MICMAC Analysis.
Figure 2. TISM Model (Diagraph).
Chapter 4
Figure 1. Stages Where Food Loss and Waste Occur.
Figure 2. Boxplot Showing of Food Loss and Waste Percentages Happened in the Years between 2000 and 2017.
Chapter 5
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework.
Chapter 6
Figure 1. Entity Relationship Diagram for Automate the Wheat Traceability Using Smart Contract.
Figure 2. End-to-End Smart Wheat Supply Chain Model.
Figure 3. Product Flow in Wheat Grain Supply Chain.
Figure 4. Digital Flow of Information and Money in Our Supply Chain.
Figure 5. Flow of Data with Blockchain Network.
Figure 6. Tracing System of Smart Wheat Supply Chain Using NFC and NFC-Enabled Smart Device.
Chapter 7
Figure 1. Schematic of Proposed Crop Product Monitoring System.
Chapter 8
Figure 1. Role of IoT in Agriculture.
Chapter 9
Figure 1. Flow Chart of the System.
Figure 2. Existing Literature Recommends Various Irrigation Methodologies.
Figure 3. Different Techniques to Monitor the Environments in Literature for the Proposal of an Irrigation System.
Figure 4. Node MCU ESP8266.
Figure 5. YL-69 Soil Moisture Sensor.
Figure 6. DHT11-Temperature and Humidity Sensor.
Figure 7. Two Channel Relay Module.
Figure 8. Water Pump.
Figure 9. Jumper Wire.
Figure 10. Blynk Application Functionality.
Figure 11. Block Diagram of the Smart Irrigation System.
Figure 12. Prototype of Smart Irrigation System.
Figure 13. Blynk Application.
Figure 14. Blynk Application Notification.
Chapter 10
Figure 1. Food Loss and Wastage in Food Value Chain at Different Stages.
Figure 2. Correspondence Diagram for AI Benefits.
Figure 3. Correspondence Diagram for AI Problems.
Chapter 11
Figure 1. Schematic Representation of Advancement in Food Packaging.
Figure 2. Schematic Representation of RFID Working.
Chapter 12
Figure 1. Review Methodology.

List of Tables

Chapter 1
Table 1. Ranking Position of First Priority and Protection Country (2001–2010) and (2011–2021).
Chapter 2
Table 1. Applications: Benefits, Challenges, and Major Enablers.
Table 2. Perceived Benefits of the Different Technologies by the Respondents.
Chapter 3
Table 1. Literature Support for the Identified Variables.
Table 2. Initial Reachability Matrix.
Table 3. Final Reachability Matrix.
Table 4. Consolidated Levels of Variables.
Annexure 1. Demographic Details of Respondents.
Annexure 2. Interpretive Logic-Knowledge Base.
Chapter 5
Table 1. Standardized Parameter Estimates for Structural Model.
Chapter 6
Table 1. Shows an Example of How “Hash” Changes Dramatically with a Small Change in Input.
Table 2. Cloud Computing of Wheat Supply Chain Information.
Chapter 7
Table 1. Performance Evaluation of Proposed Product Quality Monitoring System.
Chapter 8
Table 1. IoT Sensor Categories and the Common Measurement Parameters.
Table 2. IoT Applications and Their Benefits.
Chapter 9
Table 1. Experimental Results.
Chapter 10
Table 1. Ranking of AI Benefits.
Table 2. ANOVA for Agritech Industry and AI Benefits.
Table 3. Mean Values for Categories under Value Chain Position.
Table 4. Mean Values for Categories under Several Employees.
Table 5. Mean Values for Categories under Nature of Industry.
Table 6. Mean Value for Categories under Type of Business Organization.
Table 7. Mean Values for Agri-Tech Category.
Table 8. Mean Values for Categories under Market Coverage.
Table 9. Mean Values for the Number of Years in the Agritech Business.
Table 10. Ranking of AI Problems.
Table 11. ANOVA for Agritech Industry Profile and AI Problems.
Table 12. Mean Value for Categories under Value Chain Position.
Table 13. Mean Value for Categories under Number of Employees.
Table 14. Mean Values for Categories under Nature of Industry.
Table 15. Type of Business Organization.
Table 16. Mean Values for Agritech Category.
Table 17. Mean Values for Market Coverage.
Table 18. Mean Values for Categories under Number of Years in the Agritech Companies.
Table 19. Chi-Square Test for Profile of Agritech Company and AI Dimensions.
Annexure 1. AI Benefits.
Annexure 2. AI Problems.
Chapter 11
Table 1. Commercially Available Smart (Active and Intelligent) Packing Systems.
Chapter 12
Table 1. Industry 4.0 Technologies and Their Applications in Agricultural Supply Chains

About the Editors

Dr. Rahul S Mor is a researcher of operations management & supply chain, industrial engineering & management, manufacturing systems, etc., and has over four years of teaching & research experience, primarily at the National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli. He holds a Ph.D. in Industrial and Production Engineering, specializing in Supply Chain & Operations Analytics. Dr. Mor has authored/co-authored over 50 publications in international refereed SCI, ABDC, CABS ranked journals of high impact factor, & many chapters, books, conference papers. One of his MoFPI (Govt. of India) funded research projects supports the agri-food supply chain digitalization through disruptive technologies, among other R&C projects in the manufacturing and food sector. He is also supervising research at the doctoral and masters levels.

Dr. Mor has edited four books on ‘Agri-Food 4.0’, ‘Circular Economy’, ‘OSCM’, ‘Industry 4.0’ with Springer, Emerald, EAI-Springer. He is the Area Editor and Managing Guest Editor: Opr. Mgmt. Res. (Springer), Int. J. Logi. Res. & Appl. (T&F); Guest Editor: IEEE Trans. on Engg. Mgmt. (IEEE), Int. J. Transp. Eco.; Associate Editor: Supply Chain Forum: An Int. J. (T&F); Editor: IJSOM; Editorial Board: JDS, FSFS, IJCEWM, IJLT, etc., and reviewer for numerous international journals. He is a member of many professional societies.

Dr. Dinesh Kumar is a researcher in the area of supply chain management. He is working as assistant professor in the Department of Production and Industrial Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. He has completed his Ph.D. from IIT Roorkee in supply chain management in the year 2016. He has authored a number of papers in reputed international journals in the area of supply chain management and presented papers in various international conferences in India and abroad. He has supervised 5 master's dissertations. He is a life time member of Operation research Society of India (ORSI). His current area of research are operations management, supply chain management, perishable inventory management and system dynamics.

Dr. Anupama Singh has over 27 years of academic experience in the agri-food processing sectors. Her research interests include Bio waste utilization, Sustainable food processing novel technologies, product development and value addition.

Dr. Singh has received various accolades, recognitions and fellowships and awards at the national and international levels, including the prestigious Norman Borlaug Fellowship by USDA/ICAR and the National Fellow Award by ICAR, India. She has executed multiple R&D and Consultancy projects. She has guided 4 doctoral research, 28 M. Tech. Thesis and many research projects at the graduate level. She has over 250 publications to her credit including research papers/articles in various peer-reviewed international and national journals, book chapters, technical bulletins, status reports, articles etc. She has presented more than 100 research papers in various National & International conferences.

After a sterling career, spanning over 25 year, at GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Dr. Anupama Singh is currently Professor and Head at Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Sonepat, India.

List of Contributors

Altaf Alam Rajkiya Engineering College Banda, India
Maria de Las Mercedes Capobianco Uriarte University of Almeria, Spain
María del Pilar Casado Belmonte University of Almeria, Spain
Anurag Chauhan Rajkiya Engineering College Banda, India
Ricardo Alberto Cravero National Technology University, Argentina
Arokiaraj David Jain (Deemed-to-be University), India
Priyanka Dubey Integral University, India
Banu Y. Ekren Cranfield University, School of Management, UK
C. Ganeshkumar Indian Institute of Plantation Management Bangalore, India
Nainsi Gupta Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, India
Marcelo Grabois Litoral National University, Argentina
Zainul Abdin Jaffery Jamia Millia Islamia, India; India of Cooperative Management, India
D. Raja Jebasingh St. Joseph's College of Commerce, India
Mohd Tauseef Khan Rajkiya Engineering College Banda, India
Syed Abdul Rehman Khan Xuzhou University of Technology, China
Amit Kumar THDC Institute of Hydropower Engineering and Technology, India
Dinesh Kumar National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
Ranjan Kumar Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Rupesh Kumar Gruwitz LLP, India
Vikas Kumar University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
Naema Miftah Tetra Pak India Pvt. Ltd., India
Rahul S Mor National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Sonepat, India
K. Neethu National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Sonepat, India
Anupama Panghal National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), India
Mehul Parmar College of Management Mahidol University, Thailand
Praful Ranjan THDC Institute of Hydropower Engineering and Technology, India
Ajaypal Singh Rathore Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, India
Shobha Rathore Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, India
Alejandro Alfredo Regodesebes Urrutia Litoral National University, Argentina
Vaibhav Saini THDC Institute of Hydropower Engineering and Technology, India
Rohit Sharma National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), India
Anupama Singh National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Sonepat, India
Gunjan Soni Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, India
Shilpa Sindhu The NorthCap University, India
Muhammad Umar Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
Priyanka Vern National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), India
Owais Yousuf Integral University, India
Zhang Yu Chang’an University, China
Hafiz Muhammad Zia-ul-haq Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia

Foreword

Preface

Cost-effectiveness, high productivity and quality are fundamental requirements of any sustainable value chain and have become more crucial with rapid industrialization. In this line, ‘Agri-Food 4.0’ aims to achieve optimum value chain performance through digitized, resilient, innovative systems along with real-time monitoring and control while achieving sustainability. The term ‘Agri-Food 4.0’ is analogous to ‘Industry 4.0’ integrating modern tools and technologies to attain these performance indicators. Such tools and technologies include big data analytics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, IoT, information and communications technology (ICT), blockchain, smart sensors, advanced robotics, and modern drones. This book presents the introduction and applications of such technologies and the practices to reduce food losses and attain a circular economy.

Agri-food quality is crucial to making the product saleable and eventually generating revenue throughout the value chain. Hence, this book elaborates on the implementation of smart technologies like drones to effectively monitor crop quality in real-time. The drone-based quality monitoring system collects image data sets of crop products and classifies them using machine learning methods based on chromatic features, contour features, and texture features.

The integration of IoT in agri-food and supporting hardware tools are most important to achieve agri-food 4.0 and are presented in this book. An IoT-based intelligent irrigation system that controls the water flow based on soil moisture and temperature is also a part of this book. Further, the advancement in food packaging technologies, including smart packaging sensors, is discussed in the book.

Organization of the book: This book is organized as follows.

Chapter 1 describes thematic relationships within the sustainability of agri-food chains oriented toward Industry 4.0, focusing on analyzing scientific production through research articles and technological output according to patents worldwide. Chapter 2 highlights the digitalization of the agri-food supply chain through the implementation of IoT, blockchain, and artificial intelligence and challenges the agri-food supply chain participants perceive in implementing digital technologies. In this line, the Challenges of adopting supply chain 4.0 (SC 4.0) for the agri-food sector and using the total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) tool to analyze those challenges are discussed in Chapter 3. Further, wastage of food is a matter of grave concern, so searching how food waste or food loss could be reduced throughout a supply chain network is addressed in chapter 4. Furthermore, chapter 5 describes, due to growing environmental concern, how Industry 4.0 and blockchain technology (BCT) are transforming circular economy practices and, by employing CB-SEM modeling, provides three key findings. Finally, the role of blockchain technology and most disparate IoT devices in agriculture and the food supply chain for food tracing to address quality and safety is discussed in chapter 6. In Chapter 7, a vision system is introduced that monitors crop product quality with the help of Drone and vision camera technology. Mainly three vegetable crops such as tomato, cauliflower, and eggplant are considered for quality monitoring; hence image data sets are collected for those vegetables only. This chapter extracts three different features information, such as chromatic features, contour features, and texture features, from the data set to train the Gaussian support vector machine-learning algorithm to identify the product quality.

A holistic overview of the latest trends of IoT in agriculture and other aspects of the ecosystem like storage, warehouse ambiance control, agri-data analytics and decision control, logistics, environmental safety, etc., is highlighted in chapter 8. Further application of IoT in irrigation is discussed in chapter 9, which focuses on how the Internet of Things develops a Smart Irrigation system that leads to the optimization of water resources.

Chapter 10 aims to study artificial intelligence (AI) based product benefits and problems of the agritech industry. The study shows that the topmost AI benefit is better information for faster decision making and the topmost AI problem is resistance to change from employees and internal culture. Packaging plays a crucial role in satisfying consumer's demand for safe and quality foods; the same is discussed in Chapter 11, which focuses on different types of Active and intelligent packaging and its advantage over conventional packaging. In line with the Industry 4.0 technologies, chapter 12 explores the key performance indicators of agri-food supply chain. Finally, chapter 13 covers the innovation and challenges of implementing robotics and authomation technologies toward agri-food 4.0.

Rahul S Mor

Dinesh Kumar

Anupama Singh

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge all those people who were involved and helped in completing this book project. Firstly, we would like to thank the authors for contributing their valued time and expertise. Special thanks are due to the reviewers' valuable contributions regarding the improvement of quality, coherence, and content demonstration of the chapters. We also appreciate the referees for reviewing the manuscripts and scholars for editing & organizing the chapters. Finally, the editors are grateful to their parent institutes, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat - 131028 (Haryana), India, and National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), India, for providing essential facilities to conduct this research work smoothly.

Rahul S Mor

Dinesh Kumar

Anupama Singh

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