Accessibility, resource
, 286
Accomplishments
, 202, 205–206, 209
Actors in process
, 368–373
Affirmational support
, 137
Age identity
, 197–199
accomplishments
, 205–206
cultural narratives and ageing
, 198–199
current and future roles
, 207–208
data analysis
, 201–202
intersectionality
, 196–197
methods
, 199–201
ways of knowing age
, 202–205
Age(ing)
, 174–175, 198–199, 262
childbearing
, 53
intersectionality
, 176–177
methodology
, 176
range
, 51
reflexivity
, 177–180
regret
, 180–185
terminology
, 175
ways of knowing
, 202–205
‘Alliance for the Family’
, 365
Already-fragile identities of VC women
, 90
Ambivalent and undecided partners
, 252–254
Ambivalent childless self
ambivalent counterstories
, 88–90
(bad) moral luck of pronatalism
, 82–88
Wanting to Want
, 73–82
Ambivalent intimacy goals
, 250–252
Appropriability, resource
, 286
Artificial insemination
, 310
Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs)
, 52
Australia
empirical mixed-methods
, 126
pervasive pronatalist ideologies
, 126
pronatalism
, 127
women without children
, 133
Australia’s Paid Parental Leave Scheme
, 128
Capital in pronatalist fields
bivariate results
, 107–111
childbearing preferences and capital
, 117–119
childfreedom
, 104–105
contributions to decision (not) to becoming parent
, 99–101
interaction effects
, 112
limitations/future research
, 119–120
logistic regression results
, 113–116
multivariate results
, 111–112
prevalence and demographics
, 101–102
pronatalist ideologies
, 98–99
sample and methods
, 105–106
sample characteristics
, 107, 108–110, 112, 117
theoretical orientation
, 102–104
variables and measures
, 106–107
See also Pronatalism
Career progression
, 267–269
Catholic organisations
, 372
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
, 87
Childbearing
, 128
age
, 53
contributions
, 149–152
decisions
, 102
intentions
, 239
preferences
, 102, 104, 117–119, 149, 155, 164–166
Childcare
and cleaning
, 289–290
policies in Germany
, 362–367
responsibilities
, 247
Childcare arrangement effects on childlessness
, 356, 357
actors in process
, 368–373
childcare policies in Germany
, 362–367
distribution of actors of policy (re)-making process
, 369
familialisation/de-familialisation indicators
, 363
FRG
, 358
GDR’s Marxist ideology
, 358
intersection
, 359–361
theoretical framework
, 361–362
Childfree
, 17, 98n1, 118, 157
adults
, 102, 103, 150
decision
, 249
participants
, 162–163
respondents
, 160
stigma
, 338, 345–348
Childfree women
, 150, 348
lives
, 74
Childfree women’s partner preferences
ambivalent and undecided partners
, 252–254
ambivalent intimacy goals
, 250–252
disbelief and relationship dissolution
, 254–255
ideal living arrangements
, 244–245
interpretative framework
, 239–241
methodological framework
, 241–243
navigating dating scene
, 247–249
partner ideals
, 245–246
partnership preferences
, 243–244
relationship initiation strategies
, 249–250
results and analysis
, 243
timing partnership formation
, 246–247
Childfreedom
, 101–102, 166
research
, 100, 153
Childless
, 103, 149n1, 207, 314
postponers
, 314
status
, 51
women
, 174, 176, 301
Childlessness
, 1–3, 101, 156, 195, 240, 284, 288, 289–290, 310, 339, 340, 343
categories
, 317–318
habitus
, 106
intersectional perspectives on
, 4–5
lived experiences
, 5
loneliness and regret inevitable outcomes of ageing and
, 175–185
national perspectives on
, 5–6
of people with same-sex orientation
, 324
structure, agency and
, 4
tax
, 1–2
theoretical perspectives on voluntary and involuntary
, 3–4
See also Hungarian childlessness
Children
gender influencing employment experiences of women without
, 262–263
long-term impact of absence of
, 55–56
understanding women with and without
, 262
See also Pressures to having children
Christian Democratic-Liberal government
, 364
Circumstantially childless women
, 132
Class-based interpersonal skills
, 103
Cleaning, catering, caring, cashiering and clerical work (five Cs)
, 287
Cognitive coping strategies, psychosocial influences on
, 62
Cohabiting couple, living as
, 244
Competitive advancement
, 100
‘Conflict resolution’
, 60
Consciousness-raising groups
, 2
Conservative corporatist regime
, 364
Conservative corporatist welfare model
, 366
Contradicting pressures
, 157
Contradictory climates
, 148
Contradictory pressures
, 151
Convenience sampling techniques
, 120
Coping
, 60
partner/husband influences
, 60–61
and social connections
, 61
theoretical perspectives on
, 61–65
Corporatist conservative welfare state model
, 357
Counterfactual thinking
, 180
Couples in marital relationship
, 220
Couples’ dyadic relationships
, 60
Crèche Plus (Kitaplus)
, 365
Cross-tabulation
, 30
of author location and theoretical framework
, 23, 25
of main focus and decade
, 31–32
Cultural/culture
capital
, 103, 106, 118–119, 155
and discourses
, 265
Edo culture
, 341
gender ideologies
, 106
ideology of pronatalism
, 103
narratives
, 198–199
pressures
, 160
pronatalist ideologies
, 99
transformations
, 100
Economic capital
, 103, 106, 117, 155
Emotion-focused coping
, 62
Emotional and human relations
, 265
Employer-based private insurance
, 111–112
Employment
, 262
participation
, 267–269
Employment experiences of women with no children
, 266
benefits of conforming to ideal worker stereotype
, 267–269
discrimination and stereotyping
, 269–271
individual performances of femininities without children
, 273–275
organisational contexts influencing employment experiences
, 265–266
societal-level configurations influencing
, 263–265
theoretical context
, 262–263
work-life balance and access to employment benefits
, 271–273
workplace social interactions
, 273
English-language journals
, 16
ENRICH self-reported questionnaire
, 60
Entrepreneurial roles
, 284
Entrepreneurial segregation
, 285
Entrepreneurship
, 284
analysis
, 294
conceptual framework
, 290–291
data and variables
, 292–293
data collection
, 292
gender, role congruity and parental status
, 297–298
intersections of role (In)congruity and parental status
, 301
methods
, 292, 294
parental status, role congruity and
, 289–290
regression analysis
, 298–299, 300
role performance, role congruity, parental status and workplace outcomes
, 286–289
sample
, 294–296
social networks, social capital and resource acquisition
, 285–286
Euro-American men’s life expectancy
, 195
Euro-American women’s life expectancy
, 195
European welfare states
, 359, 361
European-wide cohort analysis
, 1
Exclusion process
, 60, 133
External social realities
, 149
Familialising childcare policies
, 362, 366
Family
, 187, 188
‘family and friends’
, 60
family-devotion schema
, 264
in Japan’s Tokugawa Period
, 338–341
work-life balance policies
, 272
Fatherhood
, 100, 221, 246
Female childlessness
, 311
Female-dominated/feminised industries
, 284
Feminism
, 1–3, 98, 152, 219
intersectional
, 140
liberal
, 223
second-wave
, 194
third-wave
, 221, 233–234
Feminist
approach
, 128
conceptualizations of empowerment
, 209
consciousness
, 178
gerontologists
, 194
journals
, 194
lenses
, 195–196, 262
literature
, 338
perspectives
, 194
research
, 176
scholars
, 177
scholarship
, 210
theories
, 23
value theory
, 73
Feminist Act, intentionally childless marriage as
, 233–234
Feminist Mystique, The
, 219
Fertility
, 120
rates
, 358, 360, 364, 365, 368, 370, 373
See also Infertility
Fostering post-pronatal mindsets
, 233
‘Fulfilment Assumption’
, 221
Full-time employed women with children
, 268
Habitus
, 102–103, 149, 155
Half-hearted counterstories
, 88–90
Hard science framework
, 21
Having children in pronatalist social fields
Bourdieusian perspective
, 155–156
childbearing
, 148–149
childbearing preferences in social fields
, 164–166
childfree participants
, 162–163
contributions to childbearing intentions
, 149–152
experiences
, 153–154
findings
, 157
hard work withhaving family
, 163–164
‘join club’ vs. ‘don’t have kids’
, 157–161
limitations/future research
, 166–167
literature review
, 149
methodology and sample
, 156–157
prevalence
, 152–153
theoretical and methodological considerations
, 155
VC participants
, 161–162
See also Pronatalism
Hegemonic configurations
, 263
Heisei Era Japan
childfree stigma and technological imperative in
, 345–347
reproductive technologies replacing adoption alternatives
, 347–348
Heterosexual orientation
, 323
Heterosexual voluntarily childless women
, 238
Home Care Allowance Law (2012)
, 372
Home care allowances
, 366
Hungarian childlessness
categories of childlessness among women aged 30–45 and men aged
, 316
Hungarian labour market
, 322
impacts of different variables on types of childlessness
, 320–321
methods
, 312–315
non-parent by
, 2008, 318
qualitative analysis
, 323
quantitative analysis
, 312
results
, 315
sample composition of male interviewees
, 325
voluntary childlessness among men
, 329–332
voluntary childlessness among women
, 324, 326–328
See also Childlessness
Ideal workers
, 265–266, 289
benefits of conforming to ideal worker stereotype
, 267–269
mixed consequences of
, 269–271
negative consequences of
, 271–272
In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
, 51, 60, 251, 310, 347
Income of ideal workers
, 267–269
Independent variables
, 293, 314–315
Individual performances of femininities without children
, 273–275
Individual-focused theories
, 21
Industrial capitalism
, 341, 343, 344
Industrialisation
, 343–344
Infertility
, 57, 347–348
medical consequences of
, 51–54
See also Fertility
Informational support
, 137
Institute of Public Policy Research
, 187
Instrumental support
, 137–138
Intelligibility of choice
, 79–82
Intensive mothering
, 100, 119
Intentional childlessness
, 152
Intentionally childless
, 218
women
, 219
Intentionally childless couples
, 227–228, 233
clarity of mind
, 228–229
decision making
, 222–223
finding pressures
, 228
nature of intentionally childless couples’ lives
, 223–224
seek mutual understanding
, 229–230
speak up sooner rather than later
, 229
united front
, 229
Intentionally childless marriage
, 218–219
as Feminist Act
, 233–234
happier than marriages with children
, 230–231
lack societal acceptance
, 219–222
misperceptions and stereotypes
, 224–226
pressures to have children
, 226–228
road to societal acceptance
, 231–233
‘Internalise’ pronatalism
, 274
Internalising childrearing
, 99
Interpersonally habitus
, 165
Interpretative framework
previous research
, 239–240
theoretical framework
, 240–241
Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA)
, 57
Intersectional Bourdieusian analysis
analysis
, 294
conceptual framework
, 290–291
data and variables
, 292–293
data collection
, 292
gender, role congruity and parental status
, 297–298
intersections of role (In)congruity and parental status
, 301
method of analysis
, 294
methods
, 292
parental status, role congruity and
, 289–290
regression analysis
, 298–299, 300
role performance, role congruity, parental status and workplace outcomes
, 286–289
sample
, 294–296
social networks, social capital and resource acquisition
, 285–286
Intersectionalist feminist epistemology
, 285
Intersectionality
, 176–177, 196–197
Intimacy goals
, 238
ambivalent
, 250–252
Intracategorical approach
, 288–289
Involuntarily childless women
, 138, 273
Involuntary childlessness
, 50, 175
coping
, 60–65
databases
, 51
life-span perspectives
, 54–56
long-term impact of absence of children
, 55–56
psychological distress
, 51–54
psychosocial perspectives
, 56–60
See also Voluntary childlessness
Parental status
, 284, 286–290, 293, 297–298
Parenthood
, 120, 156, 220, 229, 322
Parenthood-motivation list
, 53
Parenting/parents
, 164
of adult married children
, 231–232
lifestyle
, 102
marriage
, 232
Personal rewards of
, 150
Part-time employed women with children
, 268
Partner(ship)
children
, 247
formation processes
, 238–239, 249
ideals
, 245–246
partner/husband influences
, 60–61
preferences
, 241, 243–244
Passive coping styles
, 61
Perceptions of stigma
, 154
Permanent involuntary childlessness
, 59
Personal
autonomy
, 102
hardships
, 102
rewards of parent
, 150
Pervasive pronatalism
, 126–129
Physical and occupational segregation
, 265
Political economy of Meiji period
, 341–343
Population Policy Acceptance Study (PPAS)
, 311n1
Post-modern/critical theories
, 21
Post-pronatal mindset, pronatalist to
, 232
Post-socialist countries
, 334
Postponers
, 314, 317
female and male
, 319
Power relations and hierarchies
, 265
Pressures or encouragement
, 148, 157–165
Pressures to having children
, 226
guilt-driven pressure
, 227
invasive pressure
, 228
relational pressure
, 226–227
shame-driven pressure
, 227
Prevailing pronatalism
, 126–129
Professional achievement
, 100
Progress narrative
, 193, 199, 204, 209–210
Prominent pronatalist assumptions
, 220
Pronatalism
, 14, 103, 106, 219–221, 224, 264, 287
(bad) moral luck of
, 82–88
moral luck
, 82–83
prevailing and pervasive
, 126–129
and VC woman
, 83–88
Pronatalism: The Myth of Mom & Apple Pie
, 219–220
Pronatalist
bent
, 13
ideologies
, 98, 148, 156
long-held pronatalist assumption
, 232
norm
, 228
to post-pronatal mindset
, 232
societies
, 135
society
, 222
Pronatalist Destiny Assumption
, 220
Pronatalist Normality Assumption
, 221
Psychological distress
, 51
depression and distress
, 52–53
desire and regret
, 53–54
Psychosocial influences on cognitive coping strategies
, 62
Psychosocial perspectives, involuntary childlessness
, 56
relationships
, 58–59
self and identity
, 57–58
social expectations
, 59–60
Public childcare policies in Germany
, 362, 364
Scarcity of voluntarily childless men
, 248
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
, 289–290
Second Demographic Transition
, 20
Second-order volition
, 72, 77
Self-regulatory strategy
, 62–64
Seven-step descriptive phenomenological method
, 55
Shame-driven pressure
, 227
Six-point Likert-scale
, 53
Social and cultural developments
, 219
Social capital
, 103, 106, 118, 155, 285–286
Social connectedness
, 135–139
Social Devices for Impelling Women to Bear and Raise Children
, 220
Social exclusion
, 129–135
Social expectations
, 59–60
Social fields, childbearing preferences in
, 164–166
Social inclusion
, 135–139
Social networks
, 134, 285–286
impairment
, 137
Social science research
, 16
Social-cultural norms
, 127
Societal acceptance
, 231–232, 234
fostering post-pronatal mindsets
, 233
intentionally childless marriage lack
, 219–222
from pronatalist to post-pronatal mindset
, 232
Societal-level configurations
, 263–265
Societally hegemonic configurations
, 265
Socio-demographic variables
, 319
Socio-economic echelons
, 224
Stem family (ie)
, 338–339, 342, 344, 348
Stereotyping
, 129–135
discrimination and
, 269–271
misperceptions and
, 224–226
Stigma
, 129–135, 149, 153–154
consciousness
, 132
Stigma and childlessness in Japan
, 338
childfree stigma and technological imperative in Heisei Era Japan
, 345–348
family and motherhood in Japan’s Tokugawa Period
, 338–341
motherhood imperative and political economy of Meiji period
, 341–343
Taisho and Showa Eras
, 343–345
Structural transformations
, 100
Structurally habitus
, 165
Stumbling on Happiness
, 230
Subordinate femininity
, 263
Subsidiarity principle
, 364
Surrogate motherhood
, 310
Sustained sub-replacement fertility
, 20
Symbolic capital
, 103, 107
Systematic literature review
, 14
Systems Of inequality
, 196
Systems-oriented theories
, 21
Voluntarily childfree. See Voluntarily childless (VC)
Voluntarily childless (VC)
, 17, 72, 105, 218, 314
adults
, 102, 154
category
, 322
participants
, 157, 158, 161–162
people
, 33, 62, 310, 334
woman
, 75, 83–88, 132, 138, 239, 274–275
Voluntary childlessness
, 12, 17, 98, 101, 104, 149, 152, 153, 175
among men
, 329–332
coding categories
, 18
cross-tabulation of author location and theoretical framework
, 25
cross-tabulation of decade and method
, 24
main focus of articles
, 28–29
methodology
, 14–19, 23
number of articles publishing
, 19
politics of location
, 19–21
politics of representation
, 27–33
politics of research practices
, 21–27
theoretical frameworks
, 22
as topic of enquiry
, 13–14
See also Involuntary childlessness
Voluntary childlessness among men
, 329–332
Wanting to Want
, 73
intelligibility of choice
, 79–82
non-wholehearted childlessness as Wanton-hood
, 76–79
VC woman
, 75
Wanton-hood, non-wholehearted childlessness as
, 76–79
Ways of knowing age
, 202–205
Weekly Toyo Keizai magazine
, 348
Welfare organisations
, 372
Wholehearted counterstories
, 89–90
Women
, 50, 51, 53, 100, 209, 238, 262, 284
ability
, 253
childbearing decisions
, 359–360
with children
, 269–270
decision
, 240
informal care work
, 196
lifestyle preferences
, 239
partner preferences
, 247
voluntary childlessness among
, 324, 326–328
Women without children
, 129–131, 138, 269–270
benefits of conforming to ideal worker stereotype
, 267–269
circumstances
, 125–126
discrimination and stereotyping
, 269–271
employment experiences among
, 266
gender influencing employment experiences of
, 262–263
individual performances of femininities without children
, 273–275
prevailing and pervasive pronatalism
, 126–129
in pronatalist society
, 128
social inclusion, connectedness and support
, 135–139
societal-level configurations influencing employment experiences of
, 263–265
stigma, stereotyping and social exclusion
, 129–135
work-life balance and access to employment benefits
, 271–273
workplace social interactions
, 273
Work-devotion schema
, 264
Work-life balance and access to employment benefits
, 271–273
Workplace
gender inequality
, 302
outcomes
, 286–289
social interactions
, 273