Index

Citation

Sigurjonsson, T.O., Haraldsson, R.H. and Mitchell, J. (2023), "Index", Corporate Governance and Business Ethics in Iceland: Studies on Contemporary Governance and Ethical Dilemmas, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80382-533-520231014

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2023 Throstur Olaf Sigurjonsson, Robert H. Haraldsson and Jordan Mitchell

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INDEX

Accountability

, 17

Accounting

, 11–12

Act on Compulsory Insurance of Pension Rights and Activities of Pension Funds

, 54, 82

Act on Electronic Rights and Refills (87/2018)

, 195

Act on Unemployment Insurance and the Act on the Wage Guarantee Fund

, 128

Act utilitarianism

, 32

Advertising

, 191

ethics

, 26–31

Agency theory

, 6–7, 17–18, 20–21

Air Atlanta

, 105

Air Cargo Market

, 105–107

Air Operator’s Certificate (AOC)

, 105

Aircraft, Crew, Maintenance and Insurance (ACMI)

, 102

Bluebird Nordic competing in

, 107–108

leasing sector

, 102

Althingi

, (see Icelandic government)

Althydusamband Islands (ASI)

, 93

Amazon

, 107

American Psychological Association

, 178

Amgen

, 213–219

Anger

, 181

Anglo-Saxon markets

, 12–13

Animal rights activists

, 24

Anxiety

, 181

Association of Alcohol and Drug Abuse (SAA)

, 169, 173

Association of Gambling Addicts (SAS)

, 169

Association of Icelandic Air Traffic Controllers (FIF)

, 114

Autonomy

, 37

Avia Solutions Group (ASG)

, 101, 103–104

Bakkinn (warehouse services)

, 119

Bankruptcy protection and restructuring

, 211–213

Basel Convention

, 154

BCRA2 gene

, 207, 217

Behavioral studies

, 179

Berle–Means’ ideology of shareholder ownership and corporate governance

, 5

Big Data

, 24

BioBank

, 216

Bluebird Nordic Airlines

, 101, 223

ASG

, 103–104

Bluebird Nordic business

, 104–105

collective bargaining agreements

, 109–110

competing in ACMI market

, 107–108

context for Bluebird Nordic’s employee relations

, 108–109

history

, 102–103

Iceland’s airline industry and Air Cargo Market

, 105–107

labor rules

, 110–111

perspectives

, 115–117

perspectives from Trade Unions

, 114–115

and pilot dispute

, 111–114

Board Independence

, 48, 52, 60–63, 75–76, 81, 86

Board of Directors

, 13–14, 16, 51, 56, 58, 60–61, 63, 65–66, 74–75, 78, 132n31, 142–145, 147, 154

Boeing Max 737

, 90, 94

Bribery

, 77

British American Tobacco (BAT)

, 187

Bruarfoss

, 144

Business ethics

, 1–3, 22, 47

advertising ethics

, 26–31

complicity theory

, 42

contractarianism

, 35

data sources

, 49–50

deontological theories

, 33–34

descriptive theories of morality

, 38

empirical studies in

, 42

ethical decision models

, 43–45

existentialist ethics

, 37–38

harm to others

, 23–25

hypothetical and categorical imperatives

, 34–35

moral concepts

, 39–40

moral corporation

, 42–43

normative theories of morality

, 38–39

role and limits of

, 25–26

selection of subjects

, 47–49

standard theory

, 40–41

theories of ethics

, 31–33

veil of ignorance

, 35–37

virtue ethics

, 37

“Cap and trade” principle

, 160

Carbon credits

, 160–161

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

, 157, 160

Carbon dioxide equivalents (CO₂e)

, 160

Carbon emission reduction credits (CERs)

, 163

Carbon offsetting

, 158

carbon credits vs.

, 160–161

Environment Agency of Iceland

, 165–167

global climate change initiatives,

, 158–159

“Green Step” Program

, 165–167

“Greening” Company Operations

, 167

in Iceland

, 161–164

Iceland’s commitment to climate change

, 159–160

Icelandic Climate Council

, 168

Skogarkolefni

, 165

Wetland Fund, The

, 164–165

Case study research method

, 3

Case writing process

, 3, 223

Categorical imperatives

, 34–35

Caux Round Table

, 36

Celera Corporation

, 206

Central Bank’s FSA Investigation

, 81–82, 86

Certified emission reduction (CER)

, 158–159

Cigarette smoke

, 193

Circular Solutions

, 167

Classical utilitarianism

, 31, 39

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

, 158

Climate change

, 157

global climate change initiatives,

, 158–159

Iceland’s commitment to climate change

, 159–160

Codes and guidelines for good governance

, 9–11

Commerce

, 185

Companies Act

, 60

Complementary DNA (cDNA)

, 207

Complicity theory

, 42

“Comply or explain” principle

, 9–10

Compulsive gambling

, 178–179

Concentrated ownership

, 8

Confederation of Icelandic Employers (SA)

, 54–55, 63, 74, 81–82, 86, 109, 113–114, 127, 167

Consequentialism

, 34

Consumer Agency of Iceland

, 26

Consumer Association of Iceland

, 27

Consumer Associations

, 27–28

Consumer Mortgage Act

, 55

Content analysis

, 49

Contractarianism

, 35

Convergence

, 9

Cooperation

, 185

Corporate codes

, 10

Corporate governance

, 5, 7, 13, 47–48, 223

agency theory

, 6–7

codes and guidelines for good governance

, 9–11

data sources

, 49–50

fundamental principles

, 223

fund’s approach to

, 74

importance

, 8

as interdisciplinary subject

, 11–15

at LIVE

, 74

private, public, and third sector organizations

, 15–22

rules

, 8

selection of subjects

, 47–49

stakeholder theory

, 7–9

Corporate law

, 10

Corporate model

, 16–17

Corporate responsibility from Festi website

, 126–127

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

, 137, 161

Corporation

, 42–43

Corruption

, 77

COVID-19

, 90, 124

crisis

, 110

government reaction

, 124–127

pandemic

, 48, 87

strikes

, 90–91

Crew Rest Act

, 113

Database Services

, 201

Deception

, 44

deCODE Genetics

, 199, 223

Amgen subsidiary

, 213–219

COVID-19

, 219–221

development

, 207–213

DNA-based diagnostic company

, 210–211

early history

, 200–207

deCODEme

, 211

Democratic institutions

, 28

Democratic theory

, 17

Deontic ethics

, 39

Deontological theories

, 33–34

Descriptive ethics

, 40

Descriptive theories of morality

, 38

Dettifoss

, 144

DHL

, 104

Difference principle

, 36

Directorate of Health

, 182

Directorate of Labor

, 128–129

Discovery Services

, 201

Distributive justice failures

, 43

DNA-based diagnostic company

, 210–211

Drug development

, 210

and transition into biopharma

, 210

genetic validation

, 214

Duties of charity and justice

, 33, 37

E-cigarettes

, 195

Economic theory of third sector governance

, 22

Efla

, 167

Eimskip

, 137–138

ESG

, 156

governance at

, 143–144

Iceland’s cargo shipping industry

, 138–140

laws pertaining to ship disposal

, 154–155

new and old ships

, 144–151

Samherji’s mandatory takeover bid of

, 141–143

shareholder structure

, 140–141

ship disposal

, 151–154

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)

, 187

ELKO (electronics and appliances)

, 119–120

Emissions reduction unit (ERU)

, 159

Empirical studies in business ethics

, 42

Employee relations in midst of COVID-19

, 91–98

Environice

, 167

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG)

, 156

considerations

, 77

framework

, 2, 48, 224

measures

, 161

Environmental Agency of Iceland

, 155, 165–167

Ethical decision models

, 43–45

Eudaimonistic utilitarianism

, 32, 37

European Community

, 36

European Economic Area (EEA)

, 110

European Transport Workers Federation

, 93

European Union (EU)

, 110, 137, 160, 188

EU-approved shipyard

, 137

transport ministers

, 110

European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)

, 160

European Union Ship Recycling Regulation No. 1257/2013

, 154

European Union Waste Shipment Regulation No. 1013/2006

, 154

Existentialist ethics

, 37–38

Fedex

, 104, 107

Felag Islenskra Atvinnuflugmanna (FIA)

, 92

Festi

, 119–120, 223

code of conduct from

, 125

corporate responsibility from

, 126–127

COVID-19 and Icelandic’s government reaction

, 124–127

criticisms

, 130–131

operations amidst COVID-19

, 129–130

partial compensation route

, 128–129, 132–135

Finance

, 12–13

Financial crisis

, 211–213

Financial Supervisory Advisory (FME)

, 60–63

announcement from

, 60–61, 63–65

Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA)

, 70

Financial Supervisory Commission (FME)

, 172

Flexibility

, 185

Flugfreyjufelag Islands

, (see Icelandic Cabin Crew Association (FFI))

Flugvirkjavelag Islands (FVI)

, 92

For-profit organizations

, 17

Free choice

, 38

Frettabladid

, 93, 169

Functional convergence

, 9

Gambling addiction

, 178–179

in Iceland

, 179–182

Gambling Addiction Association (SAS)

, 178

Gambling disorder

, (see Compulsive gambling)

Gambling laws in Iceland

, 170–172

Gambling Problems

, 178

Gaming slot machines

, 169

gambling addiction

, 178–182

Gambling Addiction Association

, 178

gambling laws in Iceland

, 170–172

Islandsspil

, 172–175

Lottery of the University of Iceland

, 175–177

Genealogy

, 202

Genetics Database

, 209

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

, 211

German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)

, 193

GMS Leadership

, 149

Godafoss

, 149–150

Good governance

, 15–16

codes and guidelines for

, 9–11

Governance

, 5–6, 15, 20–21, 77, (see also Corporate governance)

classes

, 3

education

, 2

at Eimskip

, 143–144

at LIVE

, 54–55

theories

, 16

Greatest equal liberty principle

, 36

Greenwashing

, 27

“Green Step” Program

, 165–167

Green Way

, 167

“Greening” Company Operations

, 167

“Guerrilla” marketing

, 22

Hagar

, 131

Happdraetti Haskoli Islands (HHI)

, 169, 171, 175–182

Harm principle

, 23

Harm to others

, 23–25

Health Sector Database (HSD)

, 201, 205, 208–209

Healthcare Informatics

, 201

Heated tobacco products (HTPs)

, 192

Heavy metals

, 154

Hedonistic utilitarianism

, 31

Hoffman-Roche company

, 201

Hong Kong Convention

, 149

Human Genome Project (HGP)

, 206

Human rights issues

, 77

Hypernorms

, 36

Hypothetical imperatives

, 34–35

Iceland

, 1, 157

airline industry

, 105–107

business ethics and governance education in

, 2, 4

carbon offsets in

, 161–164

cargo shipping industry

, 138–140

commitment to climate change

, 159–160

gambling addiction

, 178–182

gambling laws in

, 170–172

Icelandic situation

, 3

marketing nicotine pouches in

, 189–192

Iceland Carbon Fund

, 157

Iceland’s Financial Supervisory Authority (FME)

, 52

Iceland’s Tobacco Control Act

, 183

Icelandair & FFI: A Fierce Union Battle in the Midst of COVID-19

, 87, 223

COVID-19 strikes

, 90–91

economy

, 88

employee relations in midst of COVID-19

, 91–98

Icelandair’s Share Offering

, 69, 82–84

Board Independence

, 75–76

Board of Directors

, 74–75

Central Bank’s FSA Involvement

, 81–82, 86

corporate governance at LIVE

, 74

Icelandair restructuring and FFI Union

, 79–80

investment decision

, 78–79

investment policy and criteria

, 77–78

LIVE pension fund of commerce

, 70–74

LIVE’s decision

, 84–86

risk policy

, 78

VR’s declaration against Icelandair

, 80–81

“Icelandbook” Genealogical Database

, 209

Icelandic Airline Pilots’ Association

, 92

Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue (ICE-SAR)

, 169, 173

Icelandic Association of Aircraft Mechanics

, 92

Icelandic business leaders

, 48

Icelandic Cabin Crew Association (FFI)

, 69, 80, 87, 92, 94, 114

Icelandic Carbon Fund, The

, 162

Icelandic Central Bank

, 51

Icelandic Climate Council

, 158, 168

Icelandic Commercial Pilots’ Association (FIA)

, 101, 109

Icelandic Competition Authority (ICA)

, 148

Icelandic Confederation of Labor

, 93

Icelandic Federation of Labor (ASI)

, 114–115

Icelandic Federation of Trade

, 129

Icelandic Forest Service

, 162, 165

Icelandic funds

, 157

Icelandic government

, 91, 157, 195

Icelandic Medical Association

, 205

Icelandic Mental Health Alliance

, 178

Icelandic Minister of Health

, 195

Icelandic pension system

, 52

Icelandic Red Cross (RKI)

, 169, 172–173

Icelandic Search and Rescue Association (ICE-SAR)

, 216

Icelandic Securities Transactions Act

, 141

Icelandic Telephone Company

, 41

Icelandic Transport Authority (ICETRA)

, 114

Icelandic Waste Management Act

, 155

Icelandic’s government reaction

, 124–127

iCert

, 167

Ideal utilitarianism

, 32

Imperial Brands

, 187

Initial Public Offering (IPO)

, 103, 207–208

Institutional theory

, 17, 19

Instrumental stakeholder theory

, 7

Insurance transactions

, 24

Integrative Social Contracts Theory (ISCT)

, 36

International Association of Carbon Certificate Sellers (ICROA)

, 166

International Carbon Reduction & Offset Alliance (ICROA)

, 162

International Chamber of Commerce

, 36

International Labour Organization

, 36

International legal systems

, 9

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

, 144

Investment decisions

, 24

Investment policy and criteria

, 77–78

Islandsspil

, 169–182

Isolation

, 181

Japan Tobacco International (JTI)

, 187

Jurisprudence

, 29

Justice failures

, 43

Klappir

, 167

Kolvidur

, 163–164

Kronan (supermarkets)

, 119–120

KSK

, 184–185

Kveikur (Icelandic news program)

, 151

Kyoto Protocol

, 157–159

Labor rules

, 110–111

Landsbjorg

, 182

Law

, 12, 28–29

on gambling

, 174, 176, 178

on nicotine products

, 194–196

on ship disposal

, 137

Laxfoss

, 149–150

Legal philosophy

, 29

Legal positivism

, 28–29

Legal positivists

, 29

Legal system

, 8

Lifeyrissjodur Verslunarmanna (LIVE)

, 53

case to court by VR

, 66–67

corporate governance at

, 74

decision

, 84–86

governance at LIVE

, 54–55

Icelandic pension system

, 52

loans to members and interest rate changes

, 55–56

Pension Fund of commerce

, 48, 51, 53, 70–74

question of board independence

, 60–63

VR

, 53–54, 56–57

VR’s withdrawal of directors from LIVE Board

, 57–60

Lokum

, 181

Loop

, 190

Lottery of the University of Iceland

, 169, 175–177

Lotto

, 180

Low-Cost Carrier (LCC)

, 89, 105

Lyft

, 190

Maintenance Repair and Overhaul company (MRO company)

, 103

Manipulation

, 44

Media Law

, 26

Metaethics

, 40

#Metoo movement

, 27

Minister of Social Affairs

, 133–134

Mistrust

, 181

Moral character

, 37

Moral concepts

, 39–40

Moral corporation

, 42–43

Moral wrongdoing

, 42

Morality

, 28–30

Morgunbladid

, 93

Multiple case-based approach

, 47

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

, 200

Myriad Genetics

, 207

N1 (fuel stations)

, 119–120

National Academy of Science (NAS)

, 218

Natural law theorists

, 29

Natural law theory

, 28–29

Netto

, 183–187, 196, 198, 224

employees

, 187

Health Days

, 186

stores

, 186

supermarkets

, 183–187, 196–197

New and old ships

, 144–151

Next generation products (NGPs)

, 183

NextCODE

, 215

Nicotine pouches

, 183, 187–189

laws on nicotine products

, 194–196

marketing nicotine pouches in Iceland

, 189–192

Netto and

, 196–197

Netto and Samkaup

, 184–187

potential health effects

, 192–194

Nicotine use in Modern Society

, 193

Nitrogen Oxide emissions NO emissions)

, 148

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

, 15

Nordic Spirit

, 190

Nordic Transport Workers Federation

, 93

Normative ethics

, 40

Normative stakeholder theory

, 7

Normative theories of morality

, 38–39

Not-for-profits

, 15, 169–170, 174–176

Obscenities

, 23

OECD

, 36

Offense principle

, 23

Organization of American States

, 36

Ownership concentration

, 15

Paris Agreement

, 157–159

Partial compensation route

, 128–129, 132–135

Participation

, 22

Perfect duties

, 33

Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD)

, 210

Personnel issues

, 77

Pharmaceutical Law

, 26

Philanthropic model

, 16

Philip Morris International (PMI)

, 187

Pilot dispute

, 111–114

Poker

, 180

“Polar Code” regulations

, 144

Political justice failures

, 43

Pornography

, 23

Practical wisdom

, 37

Prisoner dilemma

, 35

Private sector organizations

, 15–22

Public administration

, 21

Public governance

, 19–20, 22

Public outrage

, 27

Public sector

governance

, 20

organizations

, 15–22

Radioactive materials

, 154

Rationality

, 38

Raudikross Islands (RKI)

, 169

Removal unit (RMU)

, 159

Research-based approach

, 4

Resource dependence dynamics

, 19

Resource dependence theory

, 17

Responsibility

, 38

Responsible investments

, 77

Restructuring process

, 79–80

Risk policy

, 78

Royal Arctic Line (RAL)

, 144–145

Rule utilitarians

, 32

Samband islenskra auglysingastofa (SIA)

, 27

Samherji’s mandatory takeover bid of Eimskip

, 141–143

Samkaup

, 184–187

Samtok ahugafoks um afengis-og vimuefnavandann

, 169

Samtok Atvinnulifsins (SA)

, 167

Self-employed pilots

, 112

Self-regulations

, 30

Shame

, 181

Shareholder theory

, 5–6

Ship disposal

, 151–154

laws pertaining to

, 154–155

Skeljungur

, 131

Skogarkolefni

, 165

Skruf

, 190

Slysavarnarfelagid Landsbjorg

, 169

Snus

, 188, 194

Social dumping

, 80, 115

Social justice failures

, 43

Social media

, 27–28, 183, 191–192

Social philosophy

, 35

Socially responsible investment

, 13

Soil Conservation Service of Iceland (SCSI)

, 162, 164–165

Sony Ericsson campaign

, 22–24, 26

Special Investigating Committee

, 1

Spilavandi website

, 181

Sports betting

, 180

Stakeholder involvement

, 22

Stakeholder theory

, 7–9, 17

Standard theory

, 40–41

State Building Fund

, 55

“Stealth” marketing

, 22

Stewardship theory

, 17–18

Store and Office Workers’ Union (VR)

, 114

Strategy

, 13–14

Student-centered learning

, 2

Sulfur Oxide emissions (SO emissions)

, 148

Surveillance system

, 78

T68i model

, 22

Temporary Provision XIII of Act no. 54/2006

, 128–129

Third sector organizations

, 15–22

Tobacco Control Act

, 194

Tobacco-Free Kids Campaign

, 191

Trade Unions, perspectives from

, 114–115

Transaction cost theory

, 17

Transparency

, 22

Transparency International

, 36

TreememberMe

, 162

UK’s National Health Service (NHS)

, 178

Ultimate principle

, 32–33

Unemployment Insurance Fund

, 128

United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 159, 186

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

, 158

Universalization

, 34

University of Iceland

, 1–2, 171, 171, 174, 175, 176, 200, 202, 216, 221, 222

Unrelated diversification

, 14

UPS

, 104, 107

Urdur Verdandi Skuld (UVS)

, 210

US National Institutes of Health (NIH)

, 200, 206

Utilitarianism

, 31, 224

acts vs. rule

, 32

criticisms

, 33

varieties

, 31–32

Utility

, 37

Veil of ignorance

, 35–37

Verzlunarmannafelag Reykjavikur (VR)

, 53–54, 56–57, 70

case to court by

, 66–67

declaration against Icelandair

, 80–81

withdrawal of directors from LIVE Board

, 57–60

Virtual reality (VR)

, 191

Virtue ethics

, 37

WebMD website

, 192

Wet lease

, 102

Wetland Association

, 162

Wetland Fund, The

, 162, 164–165

Whistleblowers

, 40

Whistleblowing

, 39–40, 42, 45

White Fox

, 190

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 124, 188, 219

World Medical Association (WMA)

, 205

WOW Air

, 79, 89, 105

Written moral codes

, 26–27

Zyn

, 190